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Case Control Study
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2025; 31(46): 112791
Published online Dec 14, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.112791
Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between the Helicobacter pylori-negative early gastric cancer and the Helicobacter pylori-negative-control groups in the training set, n (%)

HpN-control group (n = 207)
HpN-EGC group (n = 209)
P value
Sex< 0.001
Male80 (38.6)136 (65.1)
Female127 (61.4)73 (34.9)
Age, years53.0 (42.0, 61.0)63.0 (57.0, 68.0)< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)24.0 (21.8, 26.3)23.7 (21.5, 25.9)0.499
Smoking1< 0.001
Yes21 (10.1)101 (48.3)
No186 (89.9)108 (51.7)
Drinking1< 0.001
Yes33 (15.9)88 (42.1)
No174 (84.1)121 (57.9)
Educational level< 0.001
High school or above178 (86.0)127 (60.8)
Below high school29 (14.0)82 (39.2)
Clinical symptoms0.001
Yes130 (62.8)163 (78.0)
No77 (37.2)46 (22.0)
Hypertension< 0.001
Yes38 (18.4)77 (36.8)
No169 (81.6)132 (63.2)
Diabetes< 0.001
Yes9 (4.3)37 (17.7)
No198 (95.7)172 (82.3)
Hyperlipidemia0.626
Yes32 (15.5)36 (17.2)
No175 (84.5)173 (82.8)
Cardiac and cerebral diseases< 0.001
Yes12 (5.8)50 (23.9)
No195 (94.2)159 (76.1)
Digestive comorbidities< 0.001
Yes83 (40.1)179 (85.6)
No124 (59.9)30 (14.4)
Family history of tumors0.214
Yes53 (25.6)65 (31.1)
No154 (74.4)144 (68.9)
CCI0.39 ± 0.700.92 ± 1.11< 0.001
Aspirin20.365
Yes6 (7.9)14 (12.0)
No70 (92.1)103 (88.0)
Clopidogrel20.170
Yes0 (0.0)5 (4.3)
No76 (100.0)111 (95.7)
Metformin20.003
Yes1 (1.3)16 (13.8)
No75 (98.7)100 (86.2)
Corticosteroids21.000
Yes1 (1.3)2 (1.7)
No75 (98.7)115 (98.3)
PPI20.020
Yes10 (4.8)23 (11.0)
No197 (95.2)186 (89.0)
Hard food< 0.001
Occasional204 (98.6)166 (79.4)
Frequent3 (1.4)43 (20.6)
Fried food0.055
Occasional192 (92.8)182 (87.1)
Frequent15 (7.2)27 (12.9)
Spicy food< 0.001
Occasional189 (91.3)155 (74.2)
Frequent18 (8.7)54 (25.8)
Smoked food< 0.001
Occasional200 (96.6)142 (67.9)
Frequent7 (3.4)67 (32.1)
Hot food0.013
Occasional156 (75.4)134 (64.1)
Frequent51 (24.6)75 (35.9)
Moldy food1.000
Occasional207 (100.0)208 (99.5)
Frequent0 (0.0)1 (0.5)
Onion and garlic0.005
Occasional46 (22.2)25 (12.0)
Frequent161 (77.8)184 (88.0)
Legumes< 0.001
Occasional81 (39.1)134 (64.1)
Frequent126 (60.9)75 (35.9)
Nuts< 0.001
Occasional138 (66.7)174 (83.3)
Frequent69 (33.3)35 (16.7)
Coarse grains0.522
Occasional135 (65.2)130 (62.2)
Frequent72 (34.8)79 (37.8)
Meat, egg, and milk0.617
Occasional16 (7.7)19 (9.1)
Frequent191 (92.3)190 (90.9)
Fruits and vegetables0.988
Occasional5 (2.4)4 (1.9)
Frequent202 (97.6)205 (98.1)


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