Ethnic genomic differences in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Whole-exome sequencing of Han and Kazakh populations in China

Figure 5 Signature plot. A: Han; B: Kazakh patients. Each row presents a specific single base substitutions (SBS) signature (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer reference signatures with known etiologies) and its best match with known signatures. The distribution of each signature shows the relative frequencies of the six single-base substitution types. Different SBS signatures are associated with different pathogenic mechanisms, such as apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) cytidine deaminase, unknown mechanisms, possible reactive oxygen species damage, and DNA mismatch repair deficiency, etc.; C: Differences between APOBEC enriched and non-enriched patients for Han patients (none of the samples are enriched for APOBEC in Kazakh patients); D: Survival plot of Han patients. SBS: Single base substitution; APOBEC: Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide.