Decoding Alexander the Great’s gastrointestinal cause of death using artificial wisdom: An artificial intelligence-human inquiry into a medical mystery

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Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2025; 31(46): 111669
Published online Dec 14, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.111669

Table 3 Differential diagnosis matrix of ChatGPT and human expert assessment

Diagnosis	ChatGPT rank	Human assessment	Symptom alignment	Source quality	Final verdict
Typhoid + GBS	Most likely	Less likely	Moderate	Weak (some misapplied)	Rejected
Campylobacter jejuni + GBS	Mentioned, not top-ranked	Most likely	Strong	High	Supported
Acute pancreatitis	Moderate	Unlikely	Partial	Good	Rejected
Malaria	Moderate	Plausible	Partial	Good	Inconclusive
West Nile virus encephalitis	Low	Rejected	Weak	Poor	Rejected
Poisoning (various)	Low	Rejected	Weak	Variable	Rejected

GBS: Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Citation: Zhou AL, Chiang JYH, Chan KS, Tan N, Shelat VG. Decoding Alexander the Great’s gastrointestinal cause of death using artificial wisdom: An artificial intelligence-human inquiry into a medical mystery. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(46): 111669
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i46/111669.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.111669

Zhou AL, Chiang JYH, Chan KS, Tan N, Shelat VG. Decoding Alexander the Great’s gastrointestinal cause of death using artificial wisdom: An artificial intelligence-human inquiry into a medical mystery. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(46): 111669 [PMID: 41479650 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.111669]

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