Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2025; 31(45): 113060
Published online Dec 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Table 3 Comparison of lifestyle and dietary habits between refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, n (%)

Factors	Refractory GERD (n = 256)	Non-refractory GERD (n = 655)	χ² value	P value
Dietary habits
Eating beyond fullness	38 (14.84)	63 (9.62)	5.098	0.024^a
Skipping breakfast	29 (11.33)	75 (11.45)	0.003	0.958
Eating before bedtime	35 (13.67)	100 (15.27)	0.371	0.542
Sweet food	60 (23.44)	149 (22.75)	0.049	0.824
Greasy food	54 (21.09)	134 (20.46)	0.045	0.831
Raw or cold foods	18 (7.03)	63 (9.62)	1.521	0.218
Spicy foods	69 (26.95)	151 (23.05)	1.528	0.216
Sour foods	25 (9.77)	49 (7.48)	1.287	0.257
Hot foods	37 (14.45)	84 (12.82)	0.424	0.515
Strong tea	41 (16.02)	101 (15.42)	0.05	0.824
Chocolate	23 (8.98)	69 (10.53)	0.487	0.485
Coffee	56 (21.88)	141 (21.53)	0.013	0.909
Carbonated beverages	31 (12.11)	75 (11.45)	0.078	0.780
Dairy products	57 (22.27)	165 (25.19)	0.855	0.355
Lifestyle habits
Smoking	23 (8.98)	80 (12.21)	1.914	0.166
Drinking	47 (18.36)	120 (18.32)	0.001	0.989
Staying up late	37 (14.45)	129 (19.69)	3.394	0.065
Early awakening	44 (17.19)	128 (19.54)	0.666	0.414
Frequent dreaming	49 (19.14)	94 (14.35)	3.191	0.074
Exercise	40 (15.63)	173 (26.41)	11.956	0.001^b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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Citation: Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i45/113060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060 [PMID: 41378325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060]

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