Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2025; 31(45): 113060
Published online Dec 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Table 2 Characteristics of clinical manifestations of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, mean ± SD/n (%)

Symptom	Refractory GERD (n = 256)	Non-refractory GERD (n = 655)	z/χ² value	P value
Typical symptoms
Heartburn, median IQR	2 (2.0, 4.0)	2 (0.0, 4.0)	-1.388	0.165
Regurgitation, median IQR	2 (2.0, 4.0)	2 (2.0, 4.0)	-0.55	0.582
Esophageal chest pain, median IQR	2 (0.0, 2.0)	0 (0.0, 2.0)	-2.543	0.011^a
Atypical symptoms
Nausea	102 (39.84)	226 (34.50)	2.278	0.131
Belching	150 (58.59)	360 (54.96)	0.985	0.321
Sensation of pharyngeal obstruction	101 (39.45)	199 (30.38)	6.858	0.009^b
Dryness or soreness of the throat	105 (41.02)	245 (37.40)	1.014	0.314
Cough	109 (42.58)	243 (37.10)	2.33	0.127
Epigastric pain or burning	109 (42.58)	254 (38.78)	1.109	0.292
Abdominal distension	130 (50.78)	319 (48.70)	0.318	0.573
Poor appetite	124 (48.44)	284 (43.36)	1.92	0.166
Constipation	113 (44.14)	239 (36.49)	4.546	0.033^a
Diarrhea	37 (14.45)	99 (15.11)	0.063	0.801
Number of atypical symptoms	4.22 ± 2.18	3.77 ± 2.08	2.901	0.004^c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

IQR: Interquartile range; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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Citation: Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i45/113060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060 [PMID: 41378325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060]

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