Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2025; 31(45): 113060
Published online Dec 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, mean ± SD/n (%)

Baseline characteristics	Refractory GERD (n = 256)	Non-refractory GERD (n = 655)	P value
Age (years)	54.79 ± 12.52	52.54 ± 11.94	0.012^a
Gender
Male	94 (36.72)	252 (38.47)	0.624
Female	162 (63.28)	403 (61.53)	0.624
BMI (kg/m²)	23.33 ± 2.71	23.25 ± 2.44	0.684
Disease duration (years)	4.12 ± 3.46	3.05 ± 3.01	< 0.001^c

^aP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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Citation: Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i45/113060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060 [PMID: 41378325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060]

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