Dialister-driven succinate accumulation is associated with disease activity and postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease

Figure 1 Microbiota composition and diversity in active and inactive Crohn’s disease and non-inflammatory bowel diseases subjects. A: Alpha diversity analysis using the Fisher, Shannon, Chao1, and ACE diversity indices for each 16S rRNA dataset. Statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; B: Principal coordinates analysis based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, illustrating beta diversity differences among study groups; C-E: Taxonomic differences between groups: Bar charts (left panels) represent the mean relative abundances of amplicon sequence variants, while volcano plots (right panels) highlight significantly different taxa between Crohn's disease patients and non-inflammatory bowel diseases individuals at various taxonomic ranks: Phylum (C), genus (D), and species (E) levels. CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases.