Clinical predictors of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pyogenic liver abscess and nomogram construction: A retrospective analysis

Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes in patients with pyogenic liver abscesses caused by multidrug-resistant-Gram-negative bacteria vs non-multidrug-resistant-Gram-negative bacteria, n (%)/median (interquartile ranges)

	Total (n = 268)	MDR (n = 105)	Non-MDR (n = 163)	P value
Age ≥ 60 years	136 (50.75)	66 (62.86)	70 (42.94)	0.0011
Male sex	181 (67.54)	67 (63.81)	114 (69.94)	0.2961
BMI	23.83 (21.63, 25.71)	22.99 (20.03, 24.92)	24.22 (22.21, 26.12)	0.0012
Diabetes	159 (59.33)	68 (64.76)	91 (55.83)	0.1461
Hypertension	72 (26.87)	28 (26.67)	44 (26.99)	0.9531
Malignant tumor	48 (17.91)	33 (31.43)	15 (9.20)	< 0.0011
Charlson Comorbidity Index	3.00 (2.00, 5.00)	4.00 (3.00, 6.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	< 0.0012
Clinical manifestations
Fever	237 (88.43)	87 (82.86)	150 (92.02)	0.0221
Abdominal pain	121 (45.15)	46 (43.81)	75 (46.01)	0.7241
Gastrointestinal symptoms	158 (58.96)	55 (52.38)	103 (63.19)	0.0791
Laboratory examination
White blood cell count (× 109/L)	11.40 (8.70, 16.15)	11.30 (8.70, 16.50)	11.50 (8.85, 16.05)	0.6532
Absolute lymphocyte count (× 109/L)	0.90 (0.60, 1.30)	0.90 (0.60, 1.20)	0.80 (0.50, 1.30)	0.7482
Neutrophil count (× 109/L)	9.43 (7.22, 14.22)	9.61(6.89, 14.57)	9.34 (7.41, 13.97)	0.7602
Neutral-lymphocyte ratio	11.72 (7.02, 20.71)	12.02 (6.89, 20.73)	11.68 (7.25, 20.18)	0.8672
Hemoglobin (g/L)	114.00 (102.00, 129.00)	108.00 (95.00, 119.00)	118.00 (106.00, 133.00)	< 0.0012
Platelet count (× 109/L)	173.50 (89.00, 271.00)	162.00 (91.00, 257.00)	191.00 (89.00, 277.00)	0.5692
CRP (mg/L)	167.66 (97.26, 214.73)	149.20 (72.90, 204.10)	175.60 (113.75, 218.15)	0.0162
ALT (U/L)	58.00 (32.75, 100.00)	48.00 (29.00, 85.00)	66.00 (35.50, 123.50)	0.0072
AST (U/L)	44.00 (25.75, 89.00)	42.00 (25.00, 81.00)	46.00 (26.50, 124.50)	0.2402
GGT (U/L)	119.50 (64.75, 221.25)	137.00 (65.00, 249.00)	114.00 (64.00, 204.00)	0.1702
Albumin (g/L)	29.85 (26.00, 34.18)	29.10 (25.00, 33.00)	30.90 (26.50, 35.35)	0.0472
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	15.05 (9.70, 26.20)	14.90 (10.10, 26.20)	15.20 (9.15, 25.95)	0.7672
APTT (seconds)	13.20 (12.10, 14.50)	13.70 (12.60, 14.90)	13.10 (11.85, 14.10)	0.0072
PT (seconds)	29.50 (26.60, 32.13)	29.90 (26.90, 32.70)	29.17 (26.45, 31.90)	0.1022
PCT (ng/mL)	6.66 (1.36, 21.38)	5.73 (1.30, 16.82)	7.19 (1.50, 22.66)	0.3252
IL-6 (pg/mL)	118.27 (36.98, 265.14)	153.00 (54.50, 352.26)	89.00 (29.16, 208.60)	0.0032
Imaging results
Abscess size (mm)	65.50 (49.75, 87.00)	63.00 (48.00, 77.00)	68.00 (50.00, 93.50)	0.0382
Abscess location				0.5611
Right lobe	208 (77.61)	84 (80.00)	124 (76.07)
Left lobe	41 (15.30)	13 (12.38)	28 (17.18)
Bilateral	19 (7.09)	8 (7.62)	11 (6.75)
Multiple abscesses	85 (31.72)	40 (38.10)	45 (27.61)	0.0721
Clinical outcomes				0.0183
Clinical resolution	246 (91.79)	91 (86.67)	155 (95.09)
Persistent infection	13 (4.85)	8 (7.62)	5 (3.07)
Death	5 (1.87)	2 (1.90)	3 (1.84)
Relapse	4 (1.49)	4 (3.81)	0 (0.0)
Treatment methods				0.9021
Antimicrobial agents alone	45 (16.79)	18 (17.14)	27 (16.56)
Antimicrobial agents and drainage	223 (83.21)	87 (82.86)	136 (83.44)
Co-existing with other infections
Pulmonary infection	92 (34.33)	31 (29.52)	61 (37.42)	0.1841
Comorbidities
Septic shock	28 (10.45)	12 (11.43)	16 (9.82)	0.6741
Pleural effusion	75 (27.99)	31 (29.52)	44 (26.99)	0.6521
Ascites	18 (6.72)	9 (8.57)	9 (5.52)	0.3301
Biliary tract diseases	92 (34.33)	49 (46.67)	43 (26.38)	< 0.0011
Heart failure	16 (5.97)	5 (4.76)	11 (6.75)	0.5031
Renal insufficiency	15 (5.60)	5 (4.76)	10 (6.13)	0.6331

¹χ² test.

²Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

³Fisher’s exact test.

BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: Prothrombin time; PCT: Procalcitonin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; MDR: Multidrug-resistant.