Development of a deep learning model for guiding treatment decisions of acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate regression analysis for composite outcomes in acute variceal bleeding patients treated with endoscopic variceal ligation plus pharmacotherapy or preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables	High-risk patients for EVL + PT failure				Low-risk patients for EVL + PT failure
	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
1-year mortality
Age (years, ≥ 60 vs < 60)	1.125 (0.924-1.371)	0.241			1.312 (1.009-1.706)	0.043	1.189 (0.841-1.680)	0.328
Sex (male vs female)	1.095 (0.909-1.320)	0.337			0.981 (0.765-1.257)	0.879
Etiology of cirrhosis	1.123 (0.892-1.414)	0.325			0.792 (0.587-1.068)	0.127
Location of varices	0.997 (0.808-1.229)	0.974			0.802 (0.609-1.055)	0.115
Hepatic encephalopathy (yes vs no)	1.464 (1.204-1.781)	< 0.001	1.132 (0.875-1.465)	0.345	1.369 (1.066-1.757)	0.014	1.027 (0.738-1.429)	0.876
Ascites (yes vs no)	1.784 (1.421-2.241)	< 0.001	1.409 (1.134-1.957)	< 0.001	2.282 (1.648-3.160)	< 0.001	2.088 (1.538-2.834)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure at admission (≥ 120 mmHg vs < 120 mmHg)	1.019 (0.847-1.227)	0.84			1.054 (0.829-1.340)	0.668
Diastolic blood pressure at admission (≥ 90 mmHg vs < 90 mmHg)	1.353 (0.779-2.348)	0.283			0.777 (0.458-1.316)	0.348
MELD score (> 13 vs ≤ 13)	4.968 (3.543-6.967)	< 0.001	1.320 (1.046-1.665)	0.006	5.284 (3.331-8.381)	< 0.001	2.208 (1.155-3.504)	< 0.001
Child-Pugh class (C vs A + B)	4.137 (1.977-7.926)	< 0.001	3.309 (2.535-4.554)	< 0.001	-	0.996
Different treatment strategies (EVL + PT vs p-TIPS)	2.377 (1.855-2.842)	< 0.001	1.671 (1.096-2.259)	0.029	0.954 (0.671-1.355)	0.791
6-week treatment failure
Age (years, ≥ 60 vs < 60)	1.251 (1.170-1.363)	0.009	1.090 (0.898-1.322)	0.376	1.225 (1.075-1.526)	0.028	1.128 (0.870-1.389)	0.437
Sex (male vs female)	1.087 (0.917-1.272)	0.346			0.997 (0.792-1.238)	0.947
Etiology of cirrhosis	1.134 (0.917-1.392)	0.248			0.821 (0.631-1.068)	0.144
Location of varices	1.025 (0.839-1.240)	0.839			0.852 (0.665-1.094)	0.205
Hepatic encephalopathy (yes vs no)	1.430 (1.211-1.704)	< 0.001	1.251 (1.010-1.548)	0.040	1.378 (1.094-1.725)	0.007	1.180 (0.984-1.548)	0.230
Ascites (yes vs no)	1.750 (1.415-2.187)	< 0.001	1.256 (1.093-1.667)	< 0.001	2.001 (1.515-2.666)	< 0.001	1.875 (1.375-2.571)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure at admission (≥ 120 mmHg vs < 120 mmHg)	1.051 (0.875-1.260)	0.591			1.079 (0.855-1.339)	0.563
Diastolic blood pressure at admission (≥ 90 mmHg vs < 90 mmHg)	1.303 (0.846-2.115)	0.288			0.826 (0.540-1.280)	0.353
MELD score (> 13 vs ≤ 13)	5.020 (3.750-6.667)	< 0.001	1.516 (1.167-1.923)	0.002	4.520 (3.697-6.750)	< 0.001	3.427 (2.167-4.154)	< 0.001
Child-Pugh class (C vs A + B)	6.125 (2.567-9.450)	< 0.001	4.231 (2.540-6.221)	< 0.001		0.995
Different treatment strategies (EVL + PT vs p-TIPS)	2.350 (1.903-2.999)	< 0.001	1.705 (1.300-2.250)	< 0.001	1.955 (1.700-2.300)	0.018	1.051 (0.746-1.320)	0.082

EVL: Endoscopic variceal ligation; PT: Pharmacotherapy; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; p-TIPS: Preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.