Mechanisms of ferroptosis in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and progress of artificial intelligence-based predictive modeling in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 3 Effects of sorafenib, metformin and quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 on ferroptosis. Sorafenib enhances the ubiquitination of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 through TRIM54, leading to the induction of ferroptosis by decreasing CoQH2. Furthermore, quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 induces ferroptosis by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor, which subsequently inhibits nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Metformin induces ferroptosis by inhibiting the P62/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 pathway. FSP1: Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1.