Mechanisms of ferroptosis in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and progress of artificial intelligence-based predictive modeling in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 Enzymes involved in the process of hepatocellular carcinoma and their role in ferroptosis

Related enzyme	Relevant impacts	Ferroptosis
PGAM1	Energy stress/ROS-dependent AKT/LCN2 pathway	Inhibitory
NNMT	MNA/ROS axis	Inhibitory
FMO3	FMO3/TMAO/STAT3/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis	Promotion
KDM4C	MDM2/P53/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis	Inhibitory
DHCR7	TMEM147/STAT2/DHCR7/27HC axis	Inhibitory
USP8	USP8/OGT/SLC7A11 signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin/GPX4 axis	Inhibitory
PRMT9	HBx/PRMT9/HSPA8/CD44 axis	Inhibitory
HMOX1	Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 axis	Promotion
ENO1	ENO1-IRP1-Mfrn1 pass-through	Inhibitory
FASN	FASN/HIF1α/SLC7A11 pass-through	Promotion
APE1	AKT/GSK3β/Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis	Inhibitory
GSTZ1	Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway	Promotion
PSTK	TrxR/Trx/GSH/GPX4 pathway	Inhibitory
QSOX1	EGFR/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway	Promotion
RNA helicase DDX5	Wnt/β-catenin/GPX4 signaling pathway	Promotion
DUSP4	YTHDC1/FTL/FTH1/Lipid ROS pathway	Inhibitory
MerTK	ERK/SP1/SLC7A11 pathway	Inhibitory
UCHL3	Ub-proteasome/Wnt/β-catenin/GPX4 pathway	Inhibitory
AKR1C3	Hippo/YAP/TAZ/SLC7A11 pathway	Inhibitory
Deubiquitinating enzyme (EIF3H)	OGT/Lipid ROS/GSH pathway	Inhibitory
USP24	K48/Beclin1/FPN pathway	Promotion
LHPP	LHPP/P13K/AKT pathway	Promotion

PGAM1: Phosphoglycerate translocase 1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; AKT: Protein kinase B; LCN2: Lipid carrier protein 2; NNMT: Nicotinamide transmethylase; MNA: Multifunctional microneedle array; FMO3: Flavin monooxygenase 3; TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; KDM4C: Lysine specific demethylase 4; MDM2: Murine double minute 2; DHCR7: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase; USP8: Ubiquitin specific peptidase 8; OGT: O-GlcNAc transferase; PRMT9: Arginine methyltransferase 9; HSPA8: Heat shock protein A8; HMOX1: Hemoglobin oxygenase 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1; ENO1: Α-enolase 1; IRP1: Iron regulatory protein 1; FASN: Fatty acid synthase; HIF1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; APE1: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β; GSTZ1: Glutathione S-transferase zeta 1; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; PSTK: Phosphoseryl-tRNA kinase; TrxR: Thioredoxin reductase; Trx: Thioredoxin; GSH: Glutathione; QSOX1: Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; FTH1: Ferritin heavy chain 1; DUSP4: Dual-specific phosphatase 4; MerTK: MER proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; UCHL3: Ubiquitin C terminal hydrolase L3; AKR1C3: Aldehyde-keto reductase 1C3; USP24: Ubiquitin-specific proteases 24; LHPP: Lysine phosphatase; P13K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.