Growth differentiation factor 15 alters intestinal barrier and increases permeability: A new molecular target in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 5 Zonula occludens-1 and claudin 1 expression in T84 cells. A-C: Representative field of T84 cells stained with 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (A), zonula occludens (ZO)-1 (B), and Claudin 1 (C); D-F: Representative field of T84 cells treated with 100 ng/mL of growth differentiation factor 15, stained with DAPI (D), ZO-1 (E), and claudin 1 (F). Scale bar: 100 μm; G and H: Relative ZO-1 and claudin 1 fluorescence values, respectively, normalized to DAPI. Data are presented as mean ± SD of relative fluorescence. Images were obtained using a Leica SP5 confocal microscope with a 40 × objective and 1.5 zoom, and analyzed in ImageJ. ^aP < 0.05 and ^bP < 0.01, one-tailed paired t-test. GDF15: Growth differentiation factor 15; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; IFNg: Interferon gamma.