Growth differentiation factor 11 modulates metabolism, mitigating the pro-tumoral behavior provided by M2-like macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells

Figure 5 Growth differentiation factor 11 increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages. Superoxide anion detection by dihydroethidium (DHE)-derived fluorescence. A: Representative images of DHE-derived fluorescence in the phagocytosis beads assay. Scale bars: 150 μm (200 ×, original magnification); B: Representative densitometry analysis of phagocytosis beads assay; C: Representative images of DHE-derived fluorescence in M0 macrophages. Scale bars: 150 μm (200 ×, original magnification); D: Representative densitometry analysis in M0 macrophages; E: Representative images of DHE-derived fluorescence at 24 hours. Scale bars: 150 µm (200×, original magnification); F: Representative densitometry analysis at 24 hours; G: Representative images of DHE-derived fluorescence at 72 hours. Scale bars: 150 μm (200 ×, original magnification); H-J: Represent the densitometry analysis at 72 hours; K: Representative images of DHE-derived fluorescence at 72 hours. Scale bars: 150 μm (200 ×, original magnification). Rotenone (2 μmol/L) and antimycin A (5 μmol/L) were positive controls. Each column represents the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments in triplicate. ^aP ≤ 0.05 vs not treated cells or M0; ^bP ≤ 0.05 vs M0; ^cP ≤ 0.01 vs M0. NT: Not treated cells; GDF11: Growth differentiation factor 11; TGF: Transforming growth factor.