Growth differentiation factor 11 modulates metabolism, mitigating the pro-tumoral behavior provided by M2-like macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells

Figure 4 Growth differentiation factor 11 promotes bioenergetics rewiring in M2-like cells. Mitochondrial stress test was performed to determine. A: Oxygen consumption rate; B: Extracellular acidification rates using Seahorse XF24e flux analyzer; C: Maximal respiration; D: Basal respiration; E: Adenosine triphosphate production; F: Spare respiratory capacity; G: Non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption; H: Defective metabolic profile based on relative values of oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate before and after metabolic inducing stress. Each column represents the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. ^aP ≤ 0.05 vs M0; ^bP ≤ 0.05 vs M2-like. OCR: Oxygen consumption rate; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; GDF11: Growth differentiation factor 11; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.