SinglePass Kronos electrocautery device for closure after percutaneous medical liver biopsy: Five case reports

Table 1 Liver biopsy methodologies

Method	Indication	Advantages	Limitations	Risks	Relative bleeding risk
Palpation/percussion-guided	Diffuse disease	Simple, low-cost	Less accurate, poor sample yield	Collateral damage, need for repeat biopsy	+++
Image-marked/blind	Focal lesions, abnormal anatomy	More accurate	Additional equipment required, inconsistent yield	Bleeding, collateral damage	++
Real-time image-guided	Focal lesions, abnormal anatomy	More accurate, more procedural flexibility	Additional equipment and training required	Bleeding, collateral damage	++
Plugged, real-time image-guided	Mild coagulopathy, higher bleeding risk	Lower bleeding risk, allows biopsy in higher-risk patients	Procedure complexity	Pain, extended observation	+
Trans-jugular	Coagulopathy, ascites, portal hypertension	Allows biopsy in high-risk patients	Smaller/inconsistent samples, vascular access required	Vascular damage	+
Laparoscopic/surgical	Direct visualization required or contraindication to percutaneous methods	Direct access, multiple sites can be sampled, complete samples	Significantly invasive, longer recovery time	Infection, pain, collateral damage	+++

Symbol “+” indicates elevated value.