Multi-model applications and cutting-edge advancements of artificial intelligence in hepatology in the era of precision medicine

Figure 2 A figure showing artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic pipeline. Data preprocessing step includes radiomics, natural language processing and data integration. Feature extraction step includes convolutional neural network and machine learning algorithms. Prediction step includes classification, forecasting and assessment. Feedback step contents issuing early warnings, providing real-time decision support, enabling personalized treatment plans, providing objective evidence and non-invasive, efficient tools for clinical decision-making. AI: Artificial intelligence; CT: Computerized tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; US: Ultrasonography; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; EHR: Electronic health records; CNN: Convolutional neural network; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.