Extrapulmonary metastases impact survival outcomes of thermal ablation for colorectal lung oligometastases: A multicenter study

Table 5 Adverse events associated with image-guided thermal ablation for colorectal lung metastases

AEs	Grade	n (%)
Pneumothorax	Overall	169 (50.3)
	A and B	155 (46.1)
	C	12 (3.6)
	D	2 (0.6)
Pleural effusion	Overall	54 (16.1)
	A and B	49 (14.6)
	C	5 (1.5)
	D	0 (0)
Subcutaneous hematoma	A and B	2 (0.6)
Hemothorax	A and B	4 (1.2)
Hemoptysis/blood-streaked sputum	Overall	85 (25.3)
	A and B	82 (24.4)
	C	3 (0.9)
	D	0 (0)
Nausea or vomiting	B	9 (2.7)
Fever	Overall	46 (13.7)
	A and B	44 (13.1)
	C	2 (0.6)
	D	0 (0)
Pneumonia	Overall	5 (1.5)
	C	4 (1.2)
	D	1 (0.3)
Respiratory failure	D	1 (0.3)
Chest pain	Overall	62 (18.5)
	A and B	57 (17.0)
	C	5 (1.5)
	D	0 (0)
Abdominal pain	A and B	6 (1.8)
Skin burn	C	1 (0.3)

AEs: Adverse events. Adverse events (AEs) related to image-guided thermal ablation (IGTA) were recorded according to the Society of Interventional Radiology Clinical Practice Guidelines Classification System[11]. Most AEs were mild and self-limited (grade A and grade B), with pneumothorax being the most common (50.3%), followed by hemoptysis (25.3%), chest pain (18.5%), and fever (13.7%). Major complications (grade C and grade D) were rare, reflecting the overall safety of IGTA.