Identification of key factors and explainability analysis for surgical decision-making in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis assisted by machine learning

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i37.111038

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Oct 7, 2025; 31(37): 111038
Published online Oct 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i37.111038

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients in the training set and validation set, n (%)

Variable	Levels	Training set (n = 474)	Validation set (n = 236)	P value
Gender	Female	239 (50.4)	133 (56.4)	0.158
Gender	Male	235 (49.6)	103 (43.6)	0.158
History of previous hepatectomy	None	393 (82.9)	193 (81.8)	0.788
History of previous hepatectomy	Yes	81 (17.1)	43 (18.2)	0.788
Lesion size, cm	< 5	33 (7)	19 (8.1)	0.293
	5 ≤ to < 10	169 (35.7)	85 (36)
	10 ≤ to < 15	166 (35)	87 (36.9)
	15 ≤ to < 20	82 (17.3)	41 (17.4)
	≥ 20	24 (5.1)	4 (1.7)
Lesion number	Single	312 (65.8)	160 (67.8)	0.660
Lesion number	Multiple	162 (34.2)	76 (32.2)	0.660
Lesion location	Single liver lobe	279 (58.9)	129 (54.7)	0.324
Lesion location	Multiple liver lobes	195 (41.1)	107 (45.3)	0.324
Type of vascular invasion by the lesion	No abnormality	195 (41.1)	78 (33.1)	0.436
	Only invaded the portal vein	71 (15)	41 (17.4)
	Only invaded the hepatic vein	36 (7.6)	19 (8.1)
	Only invaded the inferior vena cava	10 (2.1)	4 (1.7)
	Invaded two types of vessels simultaneously	118 (24.9)	69 (29.2)
	Invaded three types of vessels simultaneously	44 (9.3)	25 (10.6)
Degree of lesion invasion of the bile duct	No abnormality	218 (46)	100 (42.4)	0.658
	Only compressed the bile duct	118 (24.9)	63 (26.7)
	Invaded the bile duct	138 (29.1)	73 (30.9)
WBC	Median (IQR)	6.61 (5.36-8.00)	6.46 (5.45-7.80)	0.404
Hb	mean ± SD	127.00 (110.00-142.00)	125.00 (108.00-141.00)	0.248
PLT	Median (IQR)	247.00 (197.00-307.00)	257.50 (192.50-314.00)	0.405
ALT	Median (IQR)	28.30 (17.90-57.00)	30.82 (18.72-49.88)	0.924
GGT	Median (IQR)	73.97 (37.00-172.83)	81.83 (43.64-178.51)	0.379
DBil	Median (IQR)	1.88 (0.30-4.36)	1.83 (0.30-4.30)	0.458
IBil	Median (IQR)	7.68 (4.90-11.89)	8.38 (5.61-12.38)	0.220
ALB	Median (IQR)	37.49 (34.20-40.40)	37.41 (33.80-40.35)	0.540
GLO	Median (IQR)	40.04 (33.70-46.70)	40.72 (35.41-46.10)	0.252
Scr	Median (IQR)	57.68 (47.29-69.39)	58.37 (47.00-69.42)	0.920
BUN	Median (IQR)	4.29 (3.50-5.34)	4.20 (3.44-5.13)	0.592
UA	Median (IQR)	264.79 (209.00-333.40)	255.31 (211.23-318.36)	0.277
ALP	Median (IQR)	144.65 (93.82-282.01)	156.62 (95.73-313.78)	0.190
TT	Median (IQR)	20.60 (19.40-21.60)	20.60 (19.30-21.90)	0.701
PT	Median (IQR)	12.20 (11.30-13.20)	12.10 (11.30-13.15)	0.867
APTT	Median (IQR)	34.30 (32.00-37.40)	34.05 (31.40-37.15)	0.325
Type of surgery	Hepatectomy	364 (76.8)	181 (76.7)	1.000
Type of surgery	ELRA	110 (23.2)	55 (23.3)	1.000

ELRA: Ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation; WBC: White blood cell count; PLT: Platelet count; Hb: Hemoglobin; DBil: Direct bilirubin; IBil: Indirect bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALB: Albumin; GLO: Globulin; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea; UA: Uric acid; TT: Thrombin time; PT: Prothrombin time; APTT: Partial thromboplastin time; IQR: Interquartile range.

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Citation: Zhu DL, Tulahong A, Liu C, Aierken A, Tan W, Ruze R, Yuan ZD, Yin L, Jiang TM, Lin RY, Shao YM, Aji T. Identification of key factors and explainability analysis for surgical decision-making in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis assisted by machine learning. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(37): 111038
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i37/111038.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i37.111038

Zhu DL, Tulahong A, Liu C, Aierken A, Tan W, Ruze R, Yuan ZD, Yin L, Jiang TM, Lin RY, Shao YM, Aji T. Identification of key factors and explainability analysis for surgical decision-making in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis assisted by machine learning. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(37): 111038 [PMID: 41025013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i37.111038]

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