Critical flicker frequency improves after alcohol detoxification and is associated with liver stiffness

Table 1 Patient characteristics of the total cohort (n = 108)

	Total (n = 108)		ALD (n = 93)		Non-ALD (n = 15)		P value
	mean	SD	mean	SD	mean	SD
CFF (Hz)	40.5	6.1	41.0	6.1	37.3	5.5	0.0282
Sex (male, %)	74.1		72.0		86.7		0.2343
Age (years)	53.7	13.8	51.5	12.8	67.0	12.7	0.0000
Alcohol consumption (g/day)	120.7	121.7	140.4	121.8	11.5	23.1	0.0001
Pack years	21	26	23	26	10	20	0.1400
HE (1 or 0, %)	11.1		9.7		20.0		0.2418
BMI (kg/m2)	25.8	4.7	25.7	5.1	26.3	2.5	0.7440
Laboratory
AST (U/L)	102	138	100	135	116	164	0.7010
ALT (U/L)	69	84	64	61	102	169	0.1115
GGT (U/L)	286	432	316	458	101	110	0.0850
AP (U/L)	106	55	107	56	103	51	0.8486
Bilirubin total (μmol/L)	34.2	81.6	34.2	86.0	34.4	45.8	0.9934
Quick (%)	96.8	27.6	98.8	26.5	82.0	31.6	0.0470
INR	1.06	0.32	1.03	0.24	1.32	0.62	0.0025
Urea (mmol/L)	5.12	3.74	4.69	3.25	7.89	5.41	0.0024
Creatinine (μmol/L)	77.8	46.0	72.5	41.5	109.6	57.5	0.0036
Sodium (mmol/L)	134.6	17.6	134.4	18.9	135.6	5.0	0.8189
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.1	1.9	4.2	2.0	3.9	0.6	0.6369
Lipase (U/L)	52.7	44.3	52.5	45.9	54.1	31.6	0.9117
PTT (seconds)	36.6	7.2	36.7	7.0	35.5	9.9	0.7658
Hemoglobin (g/L)	145.7	82.9	148.1	88.1	130.2	31.3	0.4555
Hematocrit (%)	39.2	8.3	39.4	8.2	37.9	8.7	0.5219
Erythrocytes (/pL)	4.14	0.79	4.15	0.75	4.11	1.04	0.8534
Leukocytes (/nL)	8.38	4.14	8.52	4.04	7.39	4.86	0.3592
Platelets (/nL)	202	117	215	114	123	114	0.1355
Ferritin (μg/L)	562	712	558	705	586	794	0.9082
CRP (mg/L)	130	251	132	262	121	176	0.8930
Albumin (g/L)	42.1	9.4	42.5	9.6	36.8	2.9	0.4121
Protein total (g/L)	71.9	7.0	72.6	6.5	64.3	8.7	0.0201
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.00	2.65	6.15	2.88	5.54	1.93	0.6388
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.83	2.40	1.86	2.46	1.21	0.69	0.7132
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.15	2.37	6.24	2.39	4.29	0.77	0.2617
Ultrasound
Spleen size (cm)	10.5	1.5	10.6	1.3	9.8	2.4	0.1235
Steatosis hepatis (0-3)	0.67	0.68	0.71	0.68	0.17	0.41	0.0582
Ascites (1 or 0, %)	23.5		22.1		37.5		0.3335
Signs of cirrhosis (1 or 0, %)	28.2		28.6		25.0		0.8333
Liver stiffness (kPa)	14.78	17.34	14.45	17.50	20.97	15.04	0.5304

CFF: Critical flicker frequency; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; AP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio; PTT: Partial thromboplastin time; CRP: C-reactive protein; ALD: Alcohol-related liver disease.