Inflammatory bowel disease in paediatrics: Navigating the old challenges and emerging frontiers

Figure 3 Proposed very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease diagnostic and management pathway. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; VEO-IBD: Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Hb: Hemoglobin; EEN: Exclusive enteral nutrition; MRE: Magnetic resonance enterography; IBD-U: Inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified; WES: Whole exome sequencing; WGS: Whole genome sequencing; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PROs: Patient-reported outcomes; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TDM: Therapeutic drug monitoring; JAK: Janus kinase.