Inflammatory bowel disease in paediatrics: Navigating the old challenges and emerging frontiers

Figure 2 Conceptual diagram of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. This diagram illustrates the complex interplay of key contributing factors leading to intestinal inflammation in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. It highlights the convergence of genetic predisposition (including the impact of consanguinity on recessive variants), immune dysregulation, the gut microbiome, and various environmental triggers (such as early life events and westernization/hygiene hypothesis). These elements interact dynamically to drive the onset and progression of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.