Comparative evaluation of three traditional herbal formulas on gastrointestinal motility in a mouse model of cold stress-induced dyspepsia

Figure 3 Gastric emptying activity of herbal formulas under cold stress. A: Morphology of the stomach after phenol red intragastric administration; B: Stomach weight; C: Stomach area; D: Forestomach area; E: Gastric emptying rate were compared; F: Paraffin-embedded stomach tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin; G: Morphology of the gastric mucosa and hemorrhagic lesions (indicated by orange arrows); H: Comparison of gastric potential of hydrogen; I: Comparison of gene expression levels of gastric digestive enzymes. ^aP < 0.05, compared with the normal group; ^bP < 0.01, compared with the normal group; ^cP < 0.05, compared with the normal group; ^dP < 0.01, compared with the cold stress group (n = 4 or 8). YT: Yijung-tang; ST: Shihosogan-tang; PS: Pyeongwi-san; CS: Cold stress; MO: Mosapride; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HE: Hematoxylin-eosin; pH: Potential of hydrogen.