Ambroxol mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury by suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB signaling and oxidative stress and upregulating cytoglobin, TXNRD1 and HMGB1

Figure 3 Ambroxol prevented cyclophosphamide-induced collagen, mucopolysaccharides, and iron deposition in rat liver. Photomicrographs of Sirius red-, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)- and Prussian blue-stained liver sections. Sirius red staining shows few collagen fibers (arrows) in hepatic parenchyma around the central vein in control and ambroxol (ABX)-treated rats, increased collagen fibers (arrows) in cyclophosphamide (CP)-administered rats and normal collagen fiber (arrows) content in CP-administered rats treated with ABX. The liver of control and ABX-treated rats shows normal PAS stain intensity and distribution (arrows), whereas CP-administered rats show an increase in the PAS stain intensity (arrows). ABX treatment decreased PAS staining in CP-administered rats. Control and ABX-supplemented rats show negative Prussian blue staining affinity, CP-administered rats show hemosiderin deposits (arrows), and CP-administered rats treated with ABX show few hemosiderin deposits (arrows). (400 × and scale bar = 50 µm). ABX: Ambroxol; CP: Cyclophosphamide; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff.