Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of deep learning-based super-resolution reconstruction for predicting histopathologic grade in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included patients

	Training cohort (n = 459)			Validation cohort (n = 196)			Test cohort (n = 171)
	PD HCC (n = 89)	nPD HCC (n = 370)	P value	PD HCC (n = 30)	nPD HCC (n = 166)	P value	PD HCC (n = 36)	nPD HCC (n = 135)	P value
Age (years)	55.67 ± 10.56	57.24 ± 9.69	0.18	58.07 ± 9.12	58.95 ± 9.96	0.65	57.58 ± 8.75	59.67 ± 10.41	0.16
Sex (male), n (%)	73 (82.02)	312 (84.32)	0.71	25 (83.33)	141 (84.94)	1.00	27 (75.00)	112 (82.96)	0.15
BMI (kg/m2)	25.39 ± 3.39	25.14 ± 3.58	0.60	24.69 ± 3.68	24.95 ± 3.28	0.61	24.55 ± 3.23	25.07 ± 3.08	0.40
HBV, n (%)	61 (68.54)	253 (68.38)	1.00	23 (76.67)	125 (75.30)	1.00	26 (72.22)	92 (68.15)	0.79
HCV, n (%)	6 (6.74)	23 (6.22)	1.00	0 (0)	5 (3.01)	0.74	1 (2.78)	7 (5.19)	0.87
Cirrhosis, n (%)	64 (71.91)	236 (63.78)	0.19	25 (83.33)	100 (60.24)	0.03	24 (66.67)	76 (56.30)	0.35
AFP (ng/mL), n (%)
< 20	21 (23.60)	215 (58.11)	< 0.001	6 (20.00)	89 (53.61)	0.001	11 (30.56)	88 (65.19)	< 0.001
20-400	29 (32.58)	83 (22.43)	0.06	11 (36.67)	49 (29.52)	0.57	12 (33.33)	27 (20.00)	0.14
> 400	39 (43.82)	72 (19.46)	< 0.001	13 (43.33)	28 (16.87)	0.002	13 (36.11)	20 (14.81)	0.01
ALT (U/L)	39.43 ± 31.08	33.74 ± 27.29	0.06	30.81 ± 12.57	33.48 ± 26.51	0.47	37.92 ± 34.03	31.51 ± 25.20	0.17
AST (U/L)	32.54 ± 23.91	30.03 ± 22.88	0.13	29.26 ± 9.25	28.70 ± 18.83	0.09	32.58 ± 22.14	27.73 ± 14.45	0.11
TB (umol/L)	18.91 ± 27.90	13.55 ± 5.85	0.31	14.38 ± 5.32	13.78 ± 6.48	0.45	13.76 ± 9.14	12.16 ± 5.22	0.35
Albumin (g/L)	41.65 ± 4.19	41.53 ± 3.95	0.79	41.64 ± 4.63	41.14 ± 3.90	0.53	40.58 ± 4.12	41.78 ± 3.86	0.08
PT (S)	13.45 ± 0.97	13.51 ± 1.07	0.56	13.63 ± 0.85	13.39 ± 1.01	0.34	13.56 ± 1.14	13.60 ± 0.84	0.77
Tumors size (mm)	47.57 ± 22.08	47.91 ± 21.1	0.73	48.10 ± 25.78	49.83 ± 23.06	0.52	45.64 ± 19.51	50.90 ± 21.53	0.19
Number of tumors, n (%)
Solitary	80 (89.89)	330 (89.19)	1.00	26 (86.67)	153 (92.17)	0.53	36 (100.00)	126 (93.33)	0.24
Multiple	9 (10.11)	40 (10.81)		4 (13.33)	13 (7.83)		0 (0)	9 (6.67)

PD: Poorly differentiated; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; nPD: Non-poorly differentiated; BMI: Body mass index; HBV/HCV: Hepatitis B/C virus; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TB: Total bilirubin; PT: Thromboplastin time.