Natural killer cell-based immunotherapies for colorectal cancer: Current strategies, challenges, and future perspectives

Table 2 Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-inducing therapeutic antibodies in colorectal cancers

Antibody	Mechanism	Ref.
GA201	Anti-EGFR mAb engineered to enhance ADCC, thereby potentiating NK cell-mediated cancer cell lysis	[118]
Cetuximab	EGFR-targeted therapeutic agent that mediates NK cell-dependent ADCC, currently approved as first-line treatment for mCRC	[119,120]
hPR1A3	Demonstrates a 10-fold enhancement in ADCC when evaluated using NK effector cells against CEA-expressing CRC cells	[121]
Trastuzumab	Potentiates NK cell-mediated ADCC in combination with lenalidomide, irrespective of KRAS mutation status or FcγRIIIa polymorphism	[122]
mAb CC4	Enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity against MHC-I-deficient CRC cells	[123]
CO17-1A	NK cell stimulatory factor significantly enhances the cytolytic activity of NK cells against CRC cells	[124]
AFM24	Demonstrates efficacy against EGFR-expressing tumors independent of EGFR expression levels or KRAS/BRAF mutation status	[125]

EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ADCC: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; NK: Natural killer; mCRC: Metastatic colorectal cancer; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CRC: Colorectal cancer; FcγRIIIa: Fc region receptor IIIa; MHC-I: Major histocompatibility complex class 1.