Dynamic nomogram predicts sepsis risk in patients with acute liver failure: Analysis of intensive care database with external validation

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with acute liver failure patients in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database and external cohort

Characteristics	MIMIC cohort				FMCPH cohort (n = 228)
	Total (n = 510)	Sepsis (n = 387)	Non-sepsis (n = 123)	P value
Patient demographics
Age (year)	61.0 (48.2-73.0)	68.0 (52.5-75.0)	59.0 (48.0-71.0)	0.003	58.0 (47.5-70.5)
Male	325 (63.72)	248 (64.00)	77 (62.60)	0.849	173 (75.87)
Vital signs
MAP	78.0 (72.5-84.4)	77.0 (72.2-83.7)	79.3 (73.2-85.7)	0.071	77.4 (70.5-83.2)
Heart rate	88.1 (76.3-101.7)	89.3 (77.9-103.9)	84.5 (71.7-93.2)	0.005	85.9 (74.4-98.6)
Respiratory rate	20.5 (17.2-24.3)	20.9 (17.3-24.9)	19.2 (16.9-22.5)	< 0.001	20.2 (17.0-23.8)
Electrolytes and metabolic indicators
Na	138.6 (135.8-141.2)	139.0 (136.3-141.8)	137.6 (134.6-140.0)	< 0.001	137.0 (133.0-141.0)
Ca	7.9 (7.3-8.4)	7.8 (7.3-8.4)	8.2 (7.7-8.6)	< 0.001	7.6 (7.4-8.5)
K	4.8 (4.2-5.4)	4.9 (4.4-5.8)	4.7 (4.2-5.3)	0.014	4.8 (4.5-5.1)
Cl	101.6 (98.2-105.6)	101.7 (98.3-105.8)	101.2 (97.9-104.4)	0.098	100.9 (98.1-104.8)
Anion gap	19.5 (16.0-25.0)	20.0 (16.0-26.0)	17.0 (14.5-22.0)	< 0.001	18.3 (15.7-25.6)
Glucose	135.3 (112.4-167.0)	140.6 (115.8-170.8)	121.6 (104.2-151.2)	< 0.001	138.19 (116.2-169.2)
HbA1c	5.7 (5.3-6.4)	5.8 (5.3-6.8)	5.6 (5.3-5.8)	0.103	5.7 (5.2-6.3)
Fibrinogen	231.1 (159.4-340.4)	226.9 (159.5-343.5)	232.2 (157.3-322.1)	0.766	227.4 (152.7-337.2)
Granulocytes	0.9 (0.6-1.4)	0.9 (0.6-1.5)	0.7 (0.5-1.4)	0.019	0.9 (0.6-1.3)
CK	478.5 (142.5-1739.8)	561.5 (169.0-1922.4)	276.0 (114.5-1056.8)	0.026	486.4 (134.0-1817.5)
CRP	74.8 (25.8-133.8)	77.9 (36.5-145.4)	56.2 (18.2-113.7)	0.378	80.7 (24.1-125.0)
Blood routine examination
WBC	15.5 (11.0-21.5)	16.2 (12.2-22.7)	13.1 (8.3-18.2)	< 0.001	16.3 (11.9-23.9)
Neu	10.2 (7.2-15.3)	10.5 (7.6-15.9)	8.6 (5.8-12.5)	0.002	10.8 (7.0-14.8)
RBC	3.2 (2.8-3.8)	3.1 (2.8-3.7)	3.3 (2.9-4.0)	0.033	3.8 (2.6-4.1)
RDW	15.9 (14.3-18.4)	16.2 (14.4-18.4)	15.4 (14.0-17.6)	0.023	14.8 (13.6-17.3)
HCT	28.9 (26.3-34.4)	28.6 (26.1-33.8)	30.9 (27.3-36.6)	0.003	27.8 (24.9-35.0)
HGB	9.4 (8.5-11.3)	9.3 (8.4-11.0)	10.0 (8.8-12.3)	0.004	9.1 (8.1-12.2)
PLT	151.9 (93.3-210.1)	144.4 (88.2-207.4)	170.0 (107.8-224.2)	0.042	155.0 (101.0-269.0)
HCO3-	17.0 (13.0-21.0)	16.0 (12.0-20.0)	19.0 (15.5-22.0)	< 0.001	18.0 (14.5-22.5)
Blood gas analysis
PaO2	95.8 (69.9-124.2)	96.9 (74.2-123.4)	92.0 (53.0-132.0)	0.161	91.0 (74.0-117.2)
PaCO2	39.5 (35.6-43.7)	39.8 (35.7-43.7)	39.0 (34.5-43.2)	0.229	32.5 (27.8-36.0)
Renal function indicators
BUN	30.2 (18.9-42.3)	31.9 (20.2-46.7)	28.6 (16.0-40.9)	0.090	30.7 (17.7-38.7)
Cr	1.6 (1.0-2.5)	1.7 (1.1-2.6)	1.3 (0.8-1.9)	< 0.001	1.6 (1.0-2.2)
Liver function indicators
AST	333.5 (120.3-1079.6)	347.3 (127.8-1144.5)	276.8 (82.5-805.5)	0.027	315.0 (97.5-1010.5)
TBil	1.5 (0.7-4.8)	1.5 (0.7-6.0)	1.3 (0.7-2.4)	0.036	1.4 (0.8-3.8)
LDH	593.1 (356.4-1234.3)	647.4 (378.6-1385.0)	466.6 (307.5-877.9)	< 0.001	623.0 (387.4-1197.4)
Lactate	2.7 (1.9-4.4)	2.8 (2.0-4.7)	2.4 (1.8-3.5)	0.012	2.4 (1.6-3.3)
ALT	271.0 (80.9-752.7)	285.1 (90.0-765.0)	266.4 (67.8-741.2)	0.394	327.5 (79.5-896.8)
ALB	3.0 (2.6-3.4)	2.9 (2.6-3.3)	3.2 (2.8-3.5)	< 0.001	3.0 (2.5-3.3)
Coagulation function indicators
PT	18.4 (14.8-24.2)	18.4 (14.9-24.6)	18.1 (14.6-23.2)	0.526	19.2 (14.3-28.2)
INR	1.7 (1.4-2.2)	1.8 (1.6-2.2)	1.7 (1.5-2.1)	0.456	2.6 (1.7-3.9)
First day of ICU admission
CRRT	63 (12.4)	56 (14.5)	7 (5.7)	0.016	24 (10.5)
Vasopressin	85 (16.7)	79 (20.4)	8 (6.5)	< 0.001	28 (12.3)
Vasoactive agents	41 (8.0)	29 (7.5)	12 (9.8)	0.539	17 (7.5)
Mechanical ventilation	355 (69.6)	284 (73.4)	71 (57.7)	0.002	138 (60.5)
Severity Score
MELD	23.0 (16.0-31.0)	23.0 (17.0-33.0)	20.0 (14.0-27.5)	< 0.001	23.4 (21.0-33.9)
SAPS II	44.0 (34.0-57.0)	46.0 (36.0-58.0)	37.0 (29.0-50.0)	< 0.001	40.5 (31.0-54.5)
SIRS	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	< 0.001	3.0 (2.0-3.0)
SOFA	9.0 (6.0-11.0)	9.0 (7.0-12.0)	5.0 (4.0-8.0)	< 0.001	9.0 (6.0-10.0)
Outcome
28-day mortality	220 (43.1)	185 (47.8)	35 (28.5)	< 0.001	144 (63.1)
90-day mortality	257 (50.4)	207 (53.5)	50 (40.7)	0.017	163 (71.5)

MIMIC: Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; CK: Creatine kinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; Neu: Neutrophils; RDW: Red cell distribution width; HCT: Hematocrit; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBil: Total bilirubin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; SAPS II: Simplified acute physiology score II; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; FMCPH: The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; ICU: Intensive care unit.