Clinical efficacy and mechanism of Bletilla striata and Chinese herbal compounds in treatment of peptic ulcer

Table 5 Mechanisms of Bletilla striata compound formulations and their active components in treating peptic ulcers

Ref.	Research content	Experimental model & grouping	Key findings
Wang et al[30]	Effects of Sanqi Baiji powder on blood stasis-type gastric ulcers in rats	A rat model of blood stasis-type gastric ulcer was established and divided into five groups: Control, model, low-dose Sanqi Baiji San, high-dose Sanqi Baiji San, and high-dose Sanqi Baiji San + PI3K activator (740Y-P)	Sanqi Baiji powder alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. It improves hemorheological parameters (e.g., blood viscosity) and gastric mucosal blood flow, thereby reducing gastric mucosal injury
Gong et al[31]	Effects of BSPs on gastric ulcer in rats	A gastric ulcer rat model was established and divided into a blank control, model, ranitidine hydrochloride group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose BSP groups	BSPs protect the gastric mucosa by downregulating JNK and p38 MAPK gene and protein expression, and by inhibiting abnormal secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6)
Fang et al[32]	Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Bletilla striata non-polysaccharide components in gastric ulcer	An ethanol-induced gastric ulcer mouse model was established and divided into blank control, model, Yunnan Baiyao, and high-, medium-, and low-dose Bletilla striata alcohol extract groups	Bletilla striata non-polysaccharide components exert synergistic therapeutic effects via multiple bioactive compounds, targets, and signaling pathways
Shi et al[33]	Anti-ulcer activity and mechanisms of Bletilla striata fibrous root ethanol extract in ethanol-induced ulcers	Ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer rat models were divided into normal, model, positive control, and low-, medium-, and high-dose Bletilla striata fibrous root ethanol extract groups	The fibrous root extract reduces serum levels of IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory markers while increasing IL-10 and VEGF expression, thereby exhibiting protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers
Fan et al[34]	Protective effects of sodium alginate/BSP in situ gel on alcohol-induced ulcers	Rats were divided into blank control, omeprazole-treated positive control, BSP group, blank gel group, and BSP-loaded in situ gel group	The BSP-loaded in situ gel reduces tissue necrosis, mitigates inflammatory cell infiltration, preserves mucosal barrier integrity, modulates cytokine imbalance, and suppresses apoptosis related to inflammation. No significant adverse effects were observed, supporting its potential for peptic ulcer treatment

BSP: Bletilla striata polysaccharide; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6.