Poor sleep and hepatic steatosis contribute to poorer quality of life in people with human immunodeficiency virus

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the analysis population by metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease status, n (%)

	Entire cohort, N = 1005	Non-SLD, N = 562	MASLD, N = 443	P value
Age, years	55 ± 12.3	54 ± 13.1	56 ± 11.1	0.005
Gender				0.02
Male	683 (68)	389 (69)	294 (67)
Female	274 (27)	138 (25)	136 (31)
Transgender/gender diverse	48 (5.1)	35 (7)	13 (3.2)
Race/ethnicity				< 0.001
Non-Hispanic White	351 (35)	179 (32)	172 (39)
Non-Hispanic Black	527 (52)	329 (59)	198 (45)
Hispanic	127 (13)	54 (10)	73 (17)
Education: High school or above	844 (84)	476 (85)	368 (83)	0.01
Married/long-term partner	216 (21.5)	122 (22)	94 (21)	0.7
Food insecurity	333 (33)	199 (35)	134 (30)	0.09
Area deprivation index	55.8 (30.5)	53.5 (31.3)	58.7 (29.1)	0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2				< 0.01
< 25	232 (23)	202 (36)	30 (7)
25-29.9	357 (36)	216 (38)	141 (32)
≥ 30	416 (41)	144 (26)	272 (61)
Waist circumference, cm	99.5 ± 16	92.9 ± 13	107.7 ± 15	< 0.01
Elevated waist circumference	589 (59)	324 (58)	265 (60)	0.55
Hypertension	751 (74.7)	399 (71.0)	352 (79.5)	< 0.001
Dysglycemia	581 (57.8)	274 (48.8)	307 (69.3)	< 0.01
Dyslipidemia	710 (71)	342 (61)	368 (83)	< 0.001
Current smoker	226 (23)	161 (29)	65 (15)	< 0.01
Obstructive sleep apnea				< 0.01
Never	779 (78)	458 (81)	321 (72)
Treated	142 (14)	52 (9)	90 (20)
Symptomatic, not treated	84 (8)	52 (9)	32 (7)
HIV-related characteristics
Living with HIV, years	20.6 ± 10.5	20.5 ± 10.8	20.7 ± 10.0	0.7
CD4+ T-cell count	675 (516, 917)	672 (497, 907)	686 (539, 931)	0.3
Antiretroviral therapy
NRTI	885 (88)	485 (86)	400 (90)	0.07
NNRTI	201 (20)	116 (21)	85 (19)	0.6
Efavirenz	23 (2)	9 (2)	14 (3)	0.1
PI	124 (12)	66 (12)	58 (13)	0.6
INSTI	867 (86)	486 (87)	381 (86)	0.9
Laboratory
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.5 ± 1.1	4.4 ± 1.1	4.5 ± 1.0	0.1
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.56 ± 1.39	1.28 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 1.8	< 0.01
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.6 ± 0.9	2.5 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 1.0	0.07
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	1.2 (0.4	< 0.01
ALT, U/L	27 ± 22	24 ± 19	32 ± 24	< 0.01
AST, U/L	27 ± 17	25 ± 17	28 ± 18	0.01
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L	79 ± 29	77 ± 27	82 ± 30	0.01
Bilirubin, direct, μmol/L	3.08 ± 1.7	3.25 ± 1.7	2.91 ± 1.37	0.06
Bilirubin, total, μmol/L	10.4 ± 8.6	10.6 ± 8.5	10.1 ± 8.6	0.1
Albumin, mmol/L	0.6 ± 0.06	0.6 ± 0.06	0.6 ± 0.06	0.8
Platelet count/μL	242901 ± 71174	240215 ± 70614	246303 ± 71813	0.1
Creatinine, μg/L	97.3 ± 79	106.1 ± 79	97.3 ± 79	0.7
Serum glucose, mmol/L	5.6 ± 1.9	5.3 ± 1.4	6.1 ± 2.3	< 0.01
HbA1c, mmol/mol	40 ± 1	38 ± 1	43 ± 1	< 0.01
Vibration-controlled transient elastography
CAP, dB/m	253 (214, 298)	218 (191, 240)	305 (281, 337)	< 0.01
LSM, kPa	5.0 (4.1-6.5)	4.8 (3.9-6.1)	5.3 (4.3-6.9)	< 0.01
LSM ≥ 8 kPa	135 (13)	49 (9)	86 (19)	< 0.01
LSM ≥ 12 kPa	38 (4)	12 (2)	26 (6)	0.001

MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; Non-SLD: Non-steatotic liver disease; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; NRTI: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: Protease inhibitor; INSTI: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement.