Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without cirrhosis

Table 1 Non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma characteristics vs cirrhotic counterparts

Ref.	Population	Prevalence (%)	General characteristics	Tumor characteristics	Outcome
Gawrieh et al[11]	605 HCC non-cirrhotic; 4539 HCC cirrhotic	11.7	Older age, lower prevalence of T2DM and obesity	Large tumor size, higher prevalence of advanced tumor stage, being outside the Milan criteria, and vascular invasion	Better OS at 1 and 3 years, but no difference at 5 years
Pinyopornpanish et al[12]	290 HCC non-cirrhotic; 1947 HCC cirrhotic	13	Older age, higher prevalence of HTN, hyperlipidemia	Large tumor size, higher prevalence being outside the Milan criteria. Lower prevalence of vascular invasion	Better OS
Sigurdsson et al[16]	49 HCC non-cirrhotic; 152 HCC cirrhotic	N/A	No difference in age between the groups	Large tumor size, lower prevalence of portal vein thrombosis	No difference in OS between the groups
Engstran et al[17]	1431 HCC non-cirrhotic; 2828 HCC cirrhotic	34	Older age	Large tumor size, higher prevalence of advanced disease	Worse OS, irrespective of the treatment
Van Meer et al[19]	238 HCC non-cirrhotic; 983 HCC cirrhotic	19	No difference in age between the groups	Larger tumor size, higher prevalence of advanced stages	N/A
Karaoğullarından et al[21]	82 HCC non-cirrhotic; 138 HCC cirrhotic	37.3	No difference in age between the groups	No difference in tumor size and morphology. Lower prevalence of vascular and portal vein invasion	Better OS at 1, 3, and 5 years
Araz et al[22]	42 HCC non-cirrhotic; 146 HCC cirrhotic	22.3	No difference in age between the groups	Large tumor size	Better OS, PFS, and DFS
Yen et al[28]	259 HCC non-cirrhotic; 1796 HCC cirrhotic	25.7	Younger age	Large tumor size	Better OS at 5 years
Altshuler et al[65]	Unresectable HCC: 264 non-cirrhotic; 1230 cirrhotic	17.7	Older age, higher prevalence of HTN and CAD	Large tumor size, higher prevalence of distant metastasis	No difference in OS or PFS between groups
Chen et al[66]	26 HCC-non-cirrhotic; 85 HCC cirrhotic	23.4	No difference in age between the groups	Large tumor size, higher prevalence of vascular invasion, and being outside the Milan criteria.	No difference in OS, RFS, and bleeding-free survival between the groups
Schütte et al[68]	93 HCC non-cirrhotic; 571 HCC cirrhotic	14	Older age, higher prevalence of T2DM and HTN	More advanced tumor stage	No difference in OS between the groups
Donica et al[69]	4545 HCC non-cirrhotic; 18592 HCC cirrhotic	19.6	Older age	Large tumor size, higher prevalence of localized disease	Better OS
Vitellius et al[71]	124 MASLD-HCC non-cirrhotic; 230 MASLD-HCC cirrhotic	35	Older age, lower prevalence of T2DM	Large tumor size, lower prevalence of portal vein thrombosis	Better OS
Pommergaard et al[72]	HCC underwent LT: 792 non-cirrhotic; 21995 cirrhotic	3.5	Younger age	Large tumor size	Worse OS

CAD: Coronary artery disease; DFS: Disease-free survival; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HTN: Hypertension; LT: Liver transplantation; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; N/A: Not available; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; RFS: Recurrence-free survival; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes.