Induction of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis by different fatty acids: A narrative review

Figure 2 Saturated fatty acids directly combine with Toll-like receptor 4 to stimulate nuclear factor-κB activation, which leads to increased cytokines, accelerated M1 macrophage polarization, and impaired acinar cell autophagy. UFA: Unsaturated fatty acid; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; FFAs: Free fatty acids; SFA: Saturated fatty acid; PPARγ: Proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB. Created in BioRender (Supplementary material).