Applications and challenges of patient-derived organoids in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers

Table 2 Co-culture model of patient-derived organoids for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer

Tumor cells	Co-culture cells	Ratio (co-culture cells: Tumor cells)	Culture time (day)	Pattern	Ref.
HCC	T cells	10:1	1	Direct 3D co-culture	Liu et al[62]
HCC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	CAFs	2:1	10-14	Transwell culture	Liu et al[51]
HCC	PBMC, MSC	30:1:10	7	Chip	Zou et al[32]
HCC	T cells	10:1	1	Direct 3D co-culture	Zou et al[63]
Cholangiocarcinoma	T cells	25–50:1	7	Direct 3D co-culture	Zhou et al[64]
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	TAMs	1:5	14	Transwell culture	Guo et al[27]
PDAC	MSC, T cells	N/A	5	Direct 3D co-culture	Tai et al[65]
PDAC	CAFs	2:1	5	Transwell culture	Tao et al[60]
PDAC	TAMs	1:1	6	ALI culture	Tabe et al[58]
PDAC	MSC, endothelial cells	60:21:30	7	ALI culture	Takeuchi et al[61]
PDAC	CAFs	1:1	10	Transwell culture	Sheng et al[66]
PDAC	T cells	10:1	3	Hydrogel chip	Lahusen et al[67]
PC	TAMs	3:1	N/A	Transwell culture	Jiang et al[59]
PDAC	NK cells	2-5:1	3	Transwell culture	Beelen et al[68]
PC	CAFs	1:1	3	Transwell culture	Schuth et al[69]
PDAC	CAFs	20:1	10	Transwell culture	Shinkawa et al[70]
PDAC	T cells	1:1	14	Direct 3D co-culture	Meng et al[71]
PDAC	PBMC, NK cells	N/A	7–14	Direct 3D co-culture	Marcon et al[72]
PDAC	CAFs, T cells	N/A	3	Direct 3D co-culture	Tsai et al[73]

ALI: Air-liquid interface; CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; N/A: Not available; NK: Natural killer; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PC: Pancreatic cancer; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; 3D: Three-dimensional.