Technical success, clinical efficacy, and safety of endoscopic minor papilla interventions for symptomatic pancreatic diseases

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients who underwent endoscopic minor papilla intervention procedures for symptomatic pancreatic diseases

Characteristics	Value
Demographics (n = 43)
Sex
Male	31 (72.1)
Female	12 (27.9)
Age (year)	48.7 ± 12.7
Abdominal pain symptom (n = 43)
Duration of abdominal pain (months)	24 (0.5-206)
Pain requiring hospitalization	30 (73.2)
Chronic recurrent pain requiring analgesic drugs	26 (61.9)
Narcotics	9 (34.6)
NSAIDs	17 (65.4)
Concurrent cholangitis/bile stasis (n = 28)
Cholangitis	10 (24.4)
Bile stasis	18 (43.9)
Indications for EMPI (n = 43)1
OCP	32 (74.4)
OCP with obstruction of MPD or pancreatic sphincter	27 (62.8)
OCP due to a downstream MPD stone or stricture	22 (51.2)2
OCP due to a pancreatic sphincter stricture	2 (4.7)
OCP due to a tumorous stricture	3 (7.0)
OCP with reverse-Z type of MPD	4 (9.3)3
OCP with dorsal duct stones	1 (2.3)4
Pancreas divisum	8 (18.6)5
IPMN	3 (7.0)
Classification of APD (n = 21)
Long-type	13 (61.9)
Short-type	8 (38.1)
Laboratory tests (n = 42)
Elevated serum amylase or lipase	6 (14.3)
Abnormal liver enzyme	12 (28.6)

¹One or more indications may exist in 1 case.

²Including 12 cases with both stones and strictures, 7 cases of impacted stones, and 8 cases with severe strictures; 3 cases were associated with a pseudocyst.

³Two cases with strictures and two cases with both stones and strictures.

⁴One case of obstructive chronic pancreatitis due to complex pancreaticobiliary maljunction with pancreas divisum accompanied by obstructing stones in the dorsal duct and common bile duct.

⁵Including 6 cases with complete pancreas divisum, 1 with pancreas divisum without the ventral duct, and 1 with incomplete pancreas divisum (type 1 with a ventral duct stricture). Clinically, 5, 1, and 2 had pancreatic-type pain, recurrent acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis, respectively.

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (range), where appropriate. APD: Accessory pancreatic duct; EMPI: Endoscopic minor papilla intervention; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MPD: Main pancreatic duct; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OCP: Obstructive chronic pancreatitis.