Predictive models and clinical manifestations of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis: Prospective comparative study

Table 2 Baseline characteristics and clinical data after hospitalization of patients with cirrhosis with and without hepatopulmonary syndrome, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 320)	Without HPS (n = 266)	With HPS (n = 54)	P value
Demographic data
Sex, male	246 (77)	208 (78)	38 (70)	0.21
Age, years	58 (52-65)	59 (53-66)	56 (49-59)	0.006
Weight, kg	69 (60-77)	70 (60-76)	67 (60-79)	0.57
Height, m	1.70 (1.64-1.74)	1.70 (1.64-1.74)	1.69 (1.60-1.75)	0.68
BMI, kg/m2	24.03 (21.58-26.64)	24.17 (21.72-26.73)	23.42 (21.50-26.48)	0.54
Smoke	129 (40)	106 (40)	23 (43)	0.72
Drink	125 (39)	103 (39)	22 (41)	0.80
Cause1
Alcoholic liver disease	65 (20)	52 (20)	13 (24)	0.45
Hepatitis B	189 (59)	167 (63)	22 (41)	0.003
Hepatitis C	44 (14)	37 (14)	7 (13)	0.85
NAFLD	5 (1.6)	4 (1.5)	1 (1.9)	0.99
Autoimmune hepatitis	26 (8.1)	17 (6.4)	9 (17)	0.024
Other	17 (5.3)	12 (4.5)	5 (9.3)	0.18
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	93 (29)	82 (31)	11 (20)	0.12
Diabetes	91 (28)	81 (30)	10 (19)	0.076
Heart failure	25 (7.8)	19 (7.1)	6 (11)	0.40
Kidney failure	60 (19)	49 (18)	11 (20)	0.74
Liver cancer	193 (60)	169 (64)	24 (44)	0.009
Esophageal varices	201 (63)	137 (63)	34 (63)	0.91
Bleeding	89 (28)	79 (30)	10 (19)	0.095
Ascites	207 (65)	167 (63)	44 (81)	0.005
Hepatic encephalopathy	94 (29)	76 (29)	18 (33)	0.48
Clubbing of the fingers	3 (0.9)	3 (1.1)	0 (0.0)	0.99
Palmar erythema	61 (19)	48 (18)	13 (24)	0.30
Spider angioma	8 (2.5)	6 (2.3)	2 (3.7)	0.63
Disease severity
MELD score	11.1 (5.9-17.8)	9.5 (5.8-15.7)	17.8 (10.6-35.0)	< 0.001
Child-Pugh classification				< 0.001
I	113 (35)	110 (41%)	3 (5.6)
II	147 (46)	117 (44)	30 (56)
III	60 (19)	39 (15)	21 (39)
Decompensated stage	238 (74)	190 (71)	48 (89)	0.007
Arterial blood gas
PH	7.44 (7.42-7.46)	7.43 (7.42-7.45)	7.45 (7.42-7.47)	0.005
P(A-a)O2, mmHg	16.7 (8.0-26.6)	12.6 (6.6-23.4)	27.0 (24.4-38.0)	< 0.001
PaO2, mmHg	94.5 (84.6-105.1)	97.9 (87.0-107.4)	83.4 (76.4-87.6)	< 0.001
PaCO2, mmHg	33.2 (29.9-36.9)	33.8 (30.4-37.3)	31.0 (27.7-33.0)	< 0.001
SpO2, %	97.6 (96.8-98.3)	97.9 (97.0-98.4)	96.8 (95.6-97.3)	< 0.001
Laboratory parameters
CRP, mg/L	7.27 (2.26-17.74)	5.87 (2.25-17.40)	10.30 (2.30-17.58)	0.44
PCT, ng/mL	0.11 (0.05-0.38)	0.10 (0.05-0.28)	0.25 (0.08-0.90)	0.011
WBC count, × 109/L	4.13 (2.91-6.15)	4.25 (2.93-6.18)	3.91 (2.88-5.52)	0.72
HGB, g/L	115 (95-131)	118 (96-134)	103 (78-117)	< 0.001
Platelet count, × 109/L	80 (55-125)	82 (57-129)	64 (45-99)	0.035
Neutrophil count, × 109/L	2.55 (1.67-4.34)	2.55 (1.68-4.32)	2.52 (1.61-4.35)	0.99
Lymphocyte count, × 109/L	0.84 (0.53-1.25)	0.87 (0.53-1.26)	0.66 (0.42-1.13)	0.019
NLR	2.97 (1.83-6.03)	2.70 (1.78-5.85)	4.27 (2.77-6.99)	0.032
PLR	93.7 (67.2-148.7)	92.5 (67.7-148.7)	102.3 (61.4-148.2)	0.93
LCR	0.11 (0.04-0.34)	0.11 (0.04-0.41)	0.11 (0.04-0.18)	0.26
SII	248 (132-509)	242 (137-493)	280 (100-734)	0.99
CAR	0.20 (0.07-0.58)	0.18 (0.07-0.54)	0.38 (0.08-0.62)	0.21
Albumin, g/L	33.1 (29.5-37.3)	34.1 (30.2-38.0)	29.2 (26.3-33.2)	< 0.001
Total protein, g/L	63.4 (57.8-69.0)	63.7 (58.1-69.2)	61.4 (56.4-68.0)	0.12
ALT, U/L	26 (18-47)	26 (18-48)	24 (18-46)	0.64
AST, U/L	43 (27-71)	41 (26-69)	52 (35-115)	0.022
TBIL, μmol/L	26.3 (16.6-50.2)	23.2 (15.9-42.5)	53.9 (33.3-110.1)	< 0.001
DBIL, μmol/L	11.6 (7.0-23.1)	9.8 (6.5-19.6)	32.2(15.3-81.3)	< 0.001
BUN, mg/dL	5.59 (4.60-7.29)	5.55 (4.48-7.41)	5.70 (4.87-6.97)	0.56
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	62 (50-76)	62 (51-76)	64 (45-84)	0.85
Glucose, mg/dL	5.30 (4.71-6.44)	5.31 (4.76-6.59)	5.27 (4.66-6.08)	0.49
INR	1.19 (1.07-1.35)	1.17 (1.06-1.31)	1.31 (1.20-1.49)	< 0.001
D-dimer, mg/L	1.3 (0.4-4.2)	1.3 (0.4-4.2)	1.3 (0.5-4.5)	0.42
Prothrombin time, seconds	10.9 (9.7-12.5)	10.6 (9.6-12.1)	12.1 (11.2-13.8)	< 0.001
Prothrombin time activity, %	66 (55-80)	9 (57-82)	56 (50-64)	< 0.001
Sodium, mmol/L	140 (137-142)	140 (137-143)	138 (135-140)	< 0.001
Ultrasound
Ejection fraction, %	69 (64-73)	69 (63-73)	68 (64-72)	0.83
Cardiac output, L/minute	5.4 (4.3-6.7)	5.1 (4.2-6.4)	6.6 (4.9-7.5)	0.002
E to e’ ratio	9.0 (8.0-11.5)	9.0 (8.0-11.0)	10.0 (8.0-12.0)	0.45
Cardiac index, L/minute/m²	3.05 (2.60-3.80)	3.00 (2.60-3.70)	3.75 (2.90-4.23)	0.005
Portal vein diameter, mm	13.0 (11.1-15.0)	13.0 (11.1-15.0)	13.0 (11.8-15.3)	0.34
Biomarkers
S1P, pg/mL	46 (26-77)	49 (28-83)	32 (20-51)	0.002
Angiopoietin-2, pg/mL	3681 (2217-6473)	3457 (2074-5741)	6500 (3790-10892)	< 0.001
VWF, ng/mL	14.3 (7.4-30.5)	13.5 (7.3-26.8)	21.4 (8.9-30.9)	0.054
sE-selectin, ng/mL	18.7 (14.5-24.4)	18.7 (14.6-24.0)	19.0 (14.6-25.7)	0.53
ICAM-1, ng/mL	165 (95-304)	159 (90-284)	240 (121-392)	0.008
PDGF-BB, pg/mL	62 (34-112)	63 (35-118)	545 (25-77)	0.022
TNF alpha, pg/mL	42 (37-47)	42 (37-46)	41 (36-48)	0.68
VCAM-1, ng/mL	15.5 (10.0-22.3)	15.5 (10.0-21.4)	18.1 (10.5-24.5)	0.17
VEGF-A, pg/mL	121 (86-204)	117 (83-191)	140 (99-343)	0.008

¹Cause: If a patient has multiple etiologies simultaneously, record them separately.

Normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as the mean ± standard deviation and were compared using the independent samples Student’s t test. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as the median with interquartile range and were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as counts with percentages and were compared using Pearson’s χ² or Fisher’s exact test. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CAR: C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; HGB: Hemoglobin; HPS: Hepatopulmonary syndrome; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; INR: International normalized ratio; LCR: Lymphocyte-to C-reactive protein ratio; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; P(A-a)O₂: Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PaCO₂: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PCT: Procalcitonin; PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor BB; PH: Potential of hydrogen; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; S1P: Sphingosine 1 phosphate; SII: Systemic inflammation index calculated as (neutrophil count × platelet count)/lymphocyte count; SpO₂: Peripheral oxygen saturation; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; vWF: Von Willebrand factor; WBC: White blood cell.