Is Helicobacter pylori infection protective against esophageal cancer?

Table 1 Risk factors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma	Adenocarcinoma
Male gender	Male gender
Alcohol	Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking	Obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m2)
HPV infection	Barrett’s esophagus
Low intake of fruits and vegetables	GERD
Consumption of hot beverages, pickled vegetables, processed and red meat	Low intake of fruits and vegetables
	Consumption of processed and red meat
Low socioeconomic status	High socioeconomic status
Genetic factors: Howel-Evans syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome	Genetic factors: Familial Barrett’s esophagus

BMI: Body mass index; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; HPV: Human papillomavirus.