Age-specific causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children

Table 5 Unusual causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children, based on age

Cause	Age of onset	Bleeding source location
Esophageal duplications[60,62]	All ages	Esophagus
Eosinophilic esophagitis[63]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Esophagus
Gastric duplications[65]	All ages	Stomach
Eosinophilic gastritis	Children ≥ 3 yr	Stomach
Gastric GIST[69]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Stomach
Lymphoma[70]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Stomach
Schwannomas[71,72]	Toddlers, children ≥ 3 yr	Stomach
Focal foveolar hyperplasia[73]	Infants	Stomach
Bezoar[77]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Stomach
Duplications of duodenum[56,60]	All ages	Duodenum
Duodenal varices[78]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Duodenum
Blunt duodenal trauma[81]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Duodenum
Food as a foreign body	Children ≥ 3 yr	Duodenum
Hemobilia[83,84]	All ages	Biliary tract
Dieulafoy’s lesions[89-92]	All ages	Distinct locations
Peptic ulcers in ZES[94]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Distinct locations
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome[98]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Distinct locations
Crohn’s disease[99]	Children ≥ 3 yr	Distinct locations
HSP[101,104,105]	Toddlers, children ≥ 3 yr	Distinct locations

GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; HSP: Henoch-Schönlein purpura; ZES: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.