Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges

Figure 2 Altering an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into a pro-inflammatory microenvironment with the use of toll-like receptor agonists. Citation: Haegebaert RMS, Kempers M, Ceelen W, Lentacker I, Remaut K. Nanoparticle mediated targeting of toll-like receptors to treat colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172: 16-30. Copyright ©The Authors 2022. Published by Elsevier. The authors have obtained the permission for figure using from the Elsevier Publishing Group (Supplementary material). Treg: T regulatory cell; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; Th1: T-helper 1; CD8⁺ T cells: Cytotoxic T cells; NK: Natural killer; TLR: Toll-like receptor.