Prognostic performance of an index based on lactic dehydrogenase and transaminases for patients with liver steatosis and COVID-19

Table 3 Characteristics and outcomes in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease according to the LFN-COVID-19 index

	< 1.67, n = 115	> 1.67, n = 89	P value
Demographic features
Sex as male/female, %	63.5/36.5	71.9/28.1	0.203
Age in yr	46 ± 10	50 ± 12	0.011
BMI in kg/m2	31.1 ± 4.8	32.5 ± 6.9	0.111
Prognostic scores
qSOFA	1 (0-1)	1 (1-1)	0.007
SOFA	2 (1-2)	2 (2-3)	0.004
NEWS	7 (5-8)	7 (6-9)	0.035
PSI/PORT	56 (47-69)	66 (53-85)	< 0.0001
SMART COP	3 (2-4)	4 (3-4)	0.012
Biochemical values
CRP, ref: 0-1 mg/dL	8.5 (4.2-18.1)	17.2 (11.6-23.8)	< 0.0001
Ferritin, ref: 11.0-306.8 ng/mL	503 (266-970)	795 (412-1114)	0.003
D-dimer, ref: 0-500 ng/mL	587 (399-962)	967 (606-1549)	< 0.0001
LDH, ref: 120-246 μ/L	312 ± 86	529 ± 180	< 0.0001
Troponin, ref: < 15 pg/mL	3.7 (2.9-5.7)	6.1 (3.8-10.9)	< 0.0001
CPK, ref: 30-223 μ/L	107 (58-222)	190 (78-414)	0.001
Bilirubin, ref: 0/3-1 mg/dL	0.62 ± 0.30	0.78 ± 0.54	0.017
ALT, ref: 7-52 U/L	43.2 (31.0-61.2)	37.0 (26.3-52.8)	0.026
AST, ref: 13-39 U/L	38.3 (27.8-52.2)	52.4 (42.0-73.7)	< 0.0001
Globulins, ref: 1.9-3.7 g/dL	3.22 ± 0.39	3.29 ± 0.43	0.259
Albumin, ref: 3.5-5.7 g/dL	3.90 ± 0.42	3.50 ± 0.40	< 0.0001
ALP, ref: 34-104 μ/L	85 (70-109)	85 (67-110.5)	0.786
Creatinine, ref: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL	0.85 (0.69-1.00)	0.95 (0.79-1.16)	0.005
Glucose, ref: 70-99 mg/dL	118 (102-180)	135 (114-187)	0.03
Leukocytes, ref: 4-12 × 103/μL	7.6 (5.6-9.9)	8.3 (6.3-10.8)	0.089
Lymphocytes, ref: 1-3.9 × 103/μL	937 (693-1210)	715 (510-967)	< 0.0001
Platelets, ref: 150-450 K/μL	228 ± 78	226 ± 79	0.827
25 (HO) vitamin D, ref: 30-100 ng/mL	21.9 ± 7.8	20.9 ± 8.3	0.488
Triglycerides, ref: < 150 mg/dL	151 (118-187)	137 (111-184)	0.13
PaO2/FiO2 ratio	240 (161-287)	159 (96-245)	< 0.0001
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio	5.9 (3.5-9.9)	9.6 (6.4-13.7)	< 0.0001
Other, n (%)
Metabolic syndrome	49.0 (46.2)	45.0 (52.3)	0.401
Severe COVID-19, PaO2/FiO2 < 100 mmHg	9 (8.2)	23 (26.7)	< 0.0001
Orotracheal intubation	13 (11.3)	36 (40.9)	< 0.0001
Acute kidney injury	11 (11)	26 (34.7)	< 0.0001
Thrombotic event	1 (1.0)	2 (2.7)	0.576
Death	6 (5.3)	25 (29.8)	< 0.0001
Days between the beginning of symptoms and hospitalization	7.2 ± 3.4	8.6 ± 4.9	0.027
Length of hospital stay in days	7 (4-10)	8 (6-10)	0.131
Days in ICU	7 (5-12)	12 (6-13)	0.395
Days between ICU requirement and death	7 (6-7)	5 (3-7)	0.203

BMI: Body mass index; q-SOFA: Quick-sequential organ failure assessment; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; NEWS: National early warning score; PSI/PORT: Pneumonia severity index; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CPK: Creatine phosphokinase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: Intensive care unit; PaO2/FiO2 ratio: Ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen.