Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 28, 2022; 28(36): 5250-5264
Published online Sep 28, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i36.5250
Table 2 Research progress on the clinical utility of transforming growth factor-beta 1 as a prognostic marker against hepatocellular carcinoma
Ref.
Sample size HCC/control
Sample and assay type
TGF-β1 level
Survival rate (%), (patients with higher TGF-β1 vs patients with lower TGF-β1)
Outcome of the study
[75]571/551PlasmaControl: 3.58 ± 0.17 log10 pg/mL1 yr survival (47 vs 60)3 yr survival (28 vs 36) P < 0.05Plasma TGF-β1 levels showed a positive correlation with tumor size, invasion and extrahepatic metastasis and inversely correlated with survival rates in HCC patients
ELISACirrhotic: 3.20 ± 0.37 log10 pg/mL
HCC: 3.83 ± 0.31 log10 pg/mL
[83]126Tumor tissue84% samples (106/126) showed high intra-tumoral TGF-β1 expression5 yr survival (8.5 vs 45.6)TGF-β1 and FGFR4 were positively correlated in HCC tumor tissues and showed a significant association with shorter survival rates in patients
Immunohistochemistry64.3% samples (81/126) showed high peri-tumoral TGF-β1 expression
[80]84/20Tumor tissueTGF-β1 overexpression found in 59.5% samples (50/84) than that of normal liver tissue1 yr survival (28 vs 79.4)5 yr survival (12 vs 62.6)TGF-β1 expression was dominant, whereas ELF expression was suppressed in HCC tissues
ImmunohistochemistryPatients with high TGF-β1 and lower ELF expression are associated with poor overall survival and post-operative disease free survival compared with low TGF-β1 and high ELF group
[76]184/30Plasma and tumor tissueElevated plasma TGF-β1 level2 yr survival ( 51 vs 77)3 yr survival (4 vs 68), P < 0.05Higher TGF-β1 expression in tumor tissues triggers Treg cells mediated immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment and contribute to poor prognosis in HCC
ELISA and immunohistochemistryTGF-β1 was strongly stained in tumor tissue
[84]40SerumBefore RFA: 63.22 ± 23.61 ng/mLAfter RFA: 56.33 ± 24.24 ng/mLNARadiofrequency ablation lowered TGF-β1 and AFP L3% expression in HCC patients
ELISALow TGF-β1 and AFP L3% levels were observed in the no recurrence group, suggesting its potential as prognostic markers for HCC