Utility of a deep learning model and a clinical model for predicting bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in entire cohort

Variable	Non-PEB, n = 5304	PEB, n = 325	P value1
Age2	64 ± 10	63 ± 11	0.065
Sex			0.001
Female	1245 (23.5)	49 (15.1)
Male	4059 (76.5)	276 (84.9)
Hypertension	1413 (26.6)	120 (36.9)	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	936 (17.6)	74 (22.8)	0.024
Liver cirrhosis	93 (1.8)	4 (1.2)	0.629
Chronic kidney disease	299 (5.6)	33 (10.2)	0.001
Aspirin	515 (9.7)	42 (12.9)	0.074
P2Y12RA	181 (3.4)	23 (7.1)	0.001
Warfarin	22 (0.4)	7 (2.2)	< 0.001
DOAC	31 (0.6)	6 (1.8)	0.017
Cilostazol	47 (0.9)	3 (0.9)	1.000
NSAIDs	28 (0.5)	3 (0.9)	0.583
Preprocedure management of AT			< 0.001
No indication	4605 (86.8)	264 (81.2)
Interruption	676 (12.7)	53 (16.3)
Replacement or heparin bridge	23 (0.4)	8 (2.5)
Tumor
Multiple	284 (5.4)	28 (8.6)	0.018
Location			< 0.001
Upper	433 (8.2)	22 (6.8)
Middle	1728 (32.6)	157 (48.3)
Lower	3143 (59.3)	146 (44.9)
Size2, mm	17 ± 10	21 ± 13	< 0.001
Undifferentiated type	125 (2.4)	7 (2.2)	0.963
Piecemeal resection	64 (1.2)	4 (1.2)	1.000
Laboratory data
Albumin2, g/dL	4.3 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.4	0.345
INR2	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	0.106

¹P value calculated using Student’s t-test for continuous variables or Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables for overall data.

²mean ± SD presented for continuous variables.

Values are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise specified. AT: Antithrombotic; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant; INR: International normalized ratio; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PEB: Post-endoscopic submucosal dissection bleeding; P2Y12RA: P2Y12 receptor antagonist.