Radiomics for the detection of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Based on various imaging modalities radiomics in the application of microvascular invasion

Ref.	Modality/images/patients/ROI	Software	Predictors of MVI
Peng et al[23]	CT/AP and PVP CT images/304/tumor	IBEX software package	Radiomics signature, AFP level, hypoattenuating halo, internal arteries, and nonsmooth tumor margin
Ma et al[24]	CT/AP, PVP and DP CT images/157/tumor	ITK-Snap	Age, MTD, AFP, Radiomics signature, hepatitis B
Xu et al[9]	CT/AP and PVP CT images/495/VOIentire, VOI50%, and VOIpenumbra	In-house software written in Python 3.6.1	AST, AFP, tumor margin, growth pattern, capsule, peritumoral enhance, RVI, R-score of VOIentire on PP
Feng et al[27]	MRI/HBP of Gd-EOB-DTPA/160/tumoural and peritumoural (1cm) regions	ITK-Snap	NA
Yang et al[28]	MRI/T1, T2, DWI, Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI AP, PVP, DP, and HBP/208/tumor	ITK-Snap	AFP, nonsmooth tumor margin, arterial peritumoral enhancement, radiomics signatures of HBP T1WI and HBP T1 maps
Nebbia et al[29]	MRI/T1, T2, DWI, Gd-DTPA MRI AP and PVP/99/tumoural and peritumoural (1 cm) regions	NA	NA
Hu et al[30]	US/Grayscale US/482/tumor	A.K. software	radiomics score, AFP, and tumor size
Dong et al[31]	US/Grayscale US/322/tumor and peri-tumor (half of the tumor radius)	MITK	NA
Li et al[35]	PET-CT/[18F]FDG PET-CT/80/areas with abnormal uptake	Lifex software	SUVmax, TLR, Rad-score

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; A.K. software: Artificial Intelligence Kit, version 1.1, GE Healthcare; AP: Artery phase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CT: Computed tomography; DP: Delay phase; DWI: Diffusion weighted imaging; [¹⁸F]FDG PET: 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; Gd-DTPA: Gadopentetic acid; Gd-EOB-DTPA: Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine; HBP: Hepatobiliary phase; MITK: Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MTD: Maximum tumour diameter; MVI: Microvascular invasion; NA: Not available; PP: Portal-venous phase imaging; PVP: Portal venous phase; ROI: Region of interest; R-score: Radiomic score; RVI: Radiogenomic venous invasion; SUV_max: Maximum standard uptake value; TLR: Maximum SUV of the tumor/mean SUV of the normal liver; US: Ultrasound; VOI^entire: Entire-volumetric interest; VOI^50%: 50% of the entire tumor volume; VOI^penumbra: A region with 5 mm distance to tumor surface.