Update on the applications and limitations of alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Jan 14, 2022; 28(2): 216-229
Published online Jan 14, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.216

Table 1 Causes of alpha-fetoprotein elevation[13-15]

Hepatic	Non-hepatic
Neoplastic	Neoplastic
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Germ cell tumors (testicular and ovarian malignancies)
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	Gastric cancer
Non-neoplastic	Non-neoplastic
Liver cirrhosis	Normal pregnancy/infancy
Fulminant acute hepatitis	Colitis
Acute and chronic viral hepatitis	Fetal disorders (Gastroschisis, Neural tube defect)
Chronic liver diseases	Ataxia telangiectasia
Biliary obstruction (Intrahepatic and extrahepatic causes)	Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1
Drug induced hepatitis	Hereditary AFP persistence
Alcohol liver disease	Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Non-alcoholic liver disease	Systemic lupus erythematosus
Neonatal hepatitis	Hirschsprung’s disease
Massive hepatic necrosis
Wilson disease
Hemochromatosis

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.

Citation: Hanif H, Ali MJ, Susheela AT, Khan IW, Luna-Cuadros MA, Khan MM, Lau DTY. Update on the applications and limitations of alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(2): 216-229
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i2/216.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.216

Hanif H, Ali MJ, Susheela AT, Khan IW, Luna-Cuadros MA, Khan MM, Lau DTY. Update on the applications and limitations of alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(2): 216-229 [PMID: 35110946 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.216]

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