Risk factors for major gastrointestinal bleeding in the general population in Finland

Table 1 Baseline characteristics for participants with and without major gastrointestinal bleedings during follow-up

Baseline characteristics	GIB, n = 403	No GIB, n = 33105	Overall, n = 33508
Age at baseline, mean (SD)	56.0 (12.1)	46.8 (13.0)	46.9 (13.0)
Sex
Male	256 (63.5)	15768 (47.6)	16024 (47.8)
Female	147 (36.5)	17337 (52.4)	17484 (52.2)
Yr of enrollment, Q1
1987	45 (11.2)	5872 (17.7)	5917 (17.7)
1992	51 (12.7)	5371 (16.2)	5422 (16.2)
1997	126 (31.3)	7857 (23.7)	7983 (23.8)
2002	108 (26.8)	8155 (24.6)	8263 (24.7)
2007	73 (18.1)	5850 (17.7)	5923 (17.7)
Region1
West	163 (40.4)	12570 (38.0)	12733 (38.0)
East	240 (59.6)	20535 (62.0)	20775 (62.0)
Marital status
Married, cohabiting, or registered partnership	278 (69.0)	24391 (73.7)	24669 (73.6)
Single, separated, divorced, or widow	125 (31.0)	8623 (26.0)	8748 (26.1)
Missing	0 (0.0)	91 (0.3)	91 (0.3)
Occupation
Non-manual (office/studying)	102 (25.3)	15889 (48.0)	15991 (47.7)
Manual (factory/construction/farming/forestry)	62 (15.4)	6692 (20.2)	6754 (20.2)
Family/housewife/pensioner	191 (47.4)	8033 (24.3)	8224 (24.5)
Unemployed	37 (9.2)	2006 (6.1)	2043 (6.1)
Missing	11 (2.7)	485 (1.5)	496 (1.5)
Education in tertiles2
Low	128 (31.8)	10029 (30.3)	10157 (30.3)
Moderate	113 (28.0)	10735 (32.4)	10848 (32.4)
High	144 (35.7)	11619 (35.1)	11763 (35.1)
Missing	18 (4.5)	722 (2.2)	740 (2.2)
Smoking
Never	168 (41.7)	17381 (52.5)	17549 (52.4)
Ex-smoker	121 (30.0)	7028 (21.2)	7149 (21.3)
Smoker	105 (26.1)	8273 (25.0)	8378 (25.0)
Missing	9 (2.2)	423 (1.3)	432 (1.3)
Alcohol consumption in grams per week
Non-drinker	164 (40.7)	12548 (37.9)	12712 (37.9)
Mild (0.1 g to 36.9 g)	65 (16.1)	6835 (20.6)	6900 (20.6)
Moderate (37 g to 86.9 g)	54 (13.4)	5914 (17.9)	5968 (17.8)
Heavy (≥ 87g)	101 (25.1)	6879 (20.8)	6980 (20.8)
Missing	19 (4.7)	929 (2.8)	948 (2.8)
Coffee consumption per day, cups
0	38 (9.4)	2858 (8.6)	2896 (8.6)
1–5	267 (66.3)	20294 (61.3)	20561 (61.4)
6–10	86 (21.3)	9008 (27.2)	9094 (27.1)
> 10	4 (1.0)	637 (1.9)	641 (1.9)
Missing	8 (2.0)	308 (0.9)	316 (0.9)
Physical activity
Minimal to mild	335 (83.1)	25306 (76.4)	25641 (76.5)
Moderate to heavy	52 (12.9)	7095 (21.4)	7147 (21.3)
Missing	16 (4.0)	704 (2.1)	720 (2.1)
Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD)	28.3 (5.2)	26.6 (4.6)	26.6 (4.6)
Missing	10 (2.5)	389 (1.2)	399 (1.2)
Waist-hip ratio, mean (SD)	0.93 (0.1)	0.88 (0.1)	0.88 (0.1)
Missing	5 (1.2)	404 (1.2)	409 (1.2)
Systolic blood pressure in mm Hg, mean (SD)	141.0 (22)	136.0 (20)	136.0 (20)
Missing	2 (0.5)	268 (0.8)	270 (0.8)
Diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg, mean (SD)	83.5 (12.7)	81.0 (11.7)	81.0 (11.7)
Missing	2 (0.5)	271 (0.8)	273 (0.8)
Total cholesterol in mmol/L, mean (SD)	5.69 (1.09)	5.58 (1.12)	5.58 (1.12)
Missing	5 (1.2)	347 (1.0)	352 (1.1)
High density lipoprotein in mmol/L, mean (SD)	1.39 (0.44)	1.44 (0.38)	1.44 (0.38)
Missing	5 (1.2)	347 (1.0)	352 (1.1)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase in U/L, mean (SD)	59.5 (141)	31.2 (45.0)	31.5 (47.4)
Missing	5 (1.2)	356 (1.1)	361 (1.1)

¹West Finland includes Turku and Loimaa as well as Helsinki and Vantaa. East Finland includes North Karelia, North Savo, Oulu, and Lapland.

²Educational tertiles were calculated according to years of education and were specific to the birth cohorts.

Data are n (%), unless otherwise indicated. GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.