In-hospital mortality of hepatorenal syndrome in the United States: Nationwide inpatient sample

Table 3 Clinical characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality

Characteristics	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P value
Female sex	0.96 (0.85-1.09)	0.52	0.91 (0.78-1.07)	0.27
Age (yr)
18-39	1 (ref)	-	1 (ref)	-
40-59	1.21 (0.91-1.60)	0.19	1.45 (1.28-1.64)	< 0.001
60-79	1.24 (0.93-1.65)	0.14	1.77 (1.68-1.87)	< 0.001
≥ 80	1.68 (1.17-2.42)	0.005	2.12 (1.51-3.00)	< 0.001
Race
White	1 (ref)	-	1 (ref)	-
Black	1.38 (1.11-1.71)	0.003	1.26 (0.91-1.75)	0.16
Hispanic	1.05 (0.86-1.29)	0.61	1.12 (0.78-1.61)	0.53
Asian/Pacific Islander	1.44 (0.91-2.27)	0.12	1.30 (0.98-1.73)	0.07
Native American	1.04 (0.59-1.84)	0.88	1.11 (0.86-1.43)	0.43
Other	0.88 (0.59-1.32)	0.55	0.93 (0.48-1.81)	0.84
Weekend admission	1.14 (0.98-1.32)	0.08	1.05 (0.82-1.34)	0.69
Liver disease etiology
Alcohol-related	0.90 (0.80-1.01)	0.08	0.85 (0.71-1.01)	0.06
Viral hepatitis	0.98 (0.86-1.13)	0.83	1.00 (0.81-1.24)	1.00
Comorbidities
Smoking	0.96 (0.79-1.16)	0.66	1.15 (0.83-1.60)	0.40
Alcohol use	0.98 (0.87-1.11)	0.79	1.35 (1.26-1.45)	< 0.001
Drug use	0.84 (0.62-1.14)	0.26	0.77 (0.55-1.08)	0.13
HIV/AIDS	1.02 (0.51-2.07)	0.95	0.81 (0.58-1.13)	0.22
Autoimmune arthritis	1.10 (0.64-1.91)	0.73	1.14 (0.54-2.41)	0.72
Congestive heart failure	1.05 (0.88-1.26)	0.59	0.99 (0.87-1.12)	0.84
Chronic pulmonary disease	1.00 (0.84-1.21)	0.96	0.95 (0.78-1.16)	0.63
Coagulopathy	1.01 (0.90-1.15)	0.82	1.15 (1.16-1.25)	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	0.78 (0.67-0.89)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.73-1.04)	0.12
Hypertension	0.76 (0.67-0.86)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.70-1.01)	0.06
Lymphoma	1.42 (0.68-2.96)	0.35	1.53 (0.42-5.60)	0.52
Fluid/electrolyte disorders	0.85 (0.74-0.97)	0.02	0.87 (0.75-1.01)	0.07
Cancer	1.34 (1.13-1.59)	0.001	1.40 (0.88-2.23)	0.15
Neurological disorders	1.29 (0.98-1.70)	0.07	1.38 (1.21-1.58)	< 0.001
Obesity	0.87 (0.70-1.07)	0.20	0.92 (0.62-1.38)	0.70
Peripheral vascular disorders	0.78 (0.51-1.18)	0.23	0.78 (0.42-1.46)	0.44
Psychoses	0.80 (0.55-1.16)	0.24	0.93 (0.78-1.12)	0.44
Pulmonary circulation disorders	0.75 (0.53-1.05)	0.10	0.68 (0.43-1.08)	0.11
Valvular disease	0.75 (0.53-1.07)	0.12	1.01 (0.64-1.60)	0.96
Weight loss	0.91 (0.78-1.07)	0.27	1.05 (0.97-1.13)	0.21
Medical procedure
Renal replacement therapy	0.98 (0.85-1.14)	0.81	0.92 (0.68-1.25)	0.59
Liver transplantation	0.33 (0.23-0.46)	< 0.001	0.15 (0.11-0.21)	< 0.001
TIPS	0.40 (0.18-0.90)	0.03	0.23 (0.12-0.43)	< 0.001
Paracentesis	0.46 (0.41-0.53)	< 0.001	0.48 (0.43-0.53)	< 0.001
Mechanical ventilation	6.97 (5.66-8.59)	< 0.001	9.24 (7.90-10.81)	< 0.001

HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.