In-hospital mortality of hepatorenal syndrome in the United States: Nationwide inpatient sample

Table 1 Patient characteristics, in-hospital treatments, outcomes, and resource use in hospital admission for hepatorenal syndrome (mean ± SD)

	Unweighted, n (%)	Unweighted % ± SE	Weighted, n (%)	Weighted % ± SE
Total, n (%)	4938		23973
Sex
Male	3130	63.39 ± 0.68	15183	63.33 ± 0.31
Female	1808	36.61 ± 0.68	8790	36.67 ± 0.31
Age (yr)		58.8 ± 12.3		58.8 ± 12.3
18-39	266	5.39 ± 0.32	1299	5.42 ± 0.15
40-59	2461	49.84 ± 0.71	11933	49.77 ± 0.32
60-79	1927	39.02 ± 0.69	9365	39.06 ± 0.31
≥ 80	284	5.75 ± 0.33	1376	5.74 ± 0.15
Race
White	3098	72.23 ± 0.68	15050	72.12 ± 0.31
Black	421	9.81 ± 0.45	2055	9.85 ± 0.21
Hispanic	511	11.91 ± 0.49	2495	11.95 ± 0.22
Asian/Pacific islander	81	1.89 ± 0.21	395	1.89 ± 0.09
Native American	57	1.33 ± 0.17	280	1.34 ± 0.07
Other	121	2.82 ± 0.25	593	2.84 ± 0.11
Admission day
Weekday	3955	80.09 ± 0.57	19223	80.18 ± 0.26
Weekend	983	19.91 ± 0.57	4751	19.82 ± 0.26
Liver disease etiology
Alcoholic liver disease	2249	45.54 ± 0.71	10935	45.61 ± 0.32
Viral hepatitis	1218	24.66 ± 0.61	5915	24.67 ± 0.28
Comorbidities
Diabetes Mellitus	1260	25.52 ± 0.62	6132	25.58 ± 0.28
Hypertension	1937	39.23 ± 0.69	9437	39.36 ± 0.32
Fluid/electrolyte disorders	3548	71.85 ± 0.64	17233	71.88 ± 0.29
Coagulopathy	2115	42.83 ± 0.70	10286	42.90 ± 0.32
Anemia	1937	39.23 ± 0.69	9422	39.30 ± 0.31
Weight loss	872	17.66 ± 0.54	4255	17.75 ± 0.25
Cancer	658	13.32 ± 0.48	3198	13.34 ± 0.22
Congestive heart failure	630	12.76 ± 0.47	3042	12.69 ± 0.21
Chronic pulmonary disease	613	12.41 ± 0.47	2973	12.40 ± 0.21
Obesity	456	9.23 ± 0.41	2218	9.25 ± 0.19
Neurological disorders	234	4.74 ± 0.30	1147	4.78 ± 0.14
Pulmonary circulation disorders	176	3.56 ± 0.26	847	3.53 ± 0.12
Valvular disease	164	3.32 ± 0.25	795	3.32 ± 0.12
Peripheral vascular disorders	119	2.41 ± 0.22	587	2.45 ± 0.10
Depression	413	8.36 ± 0.39	2002	8.35 ± 0.18
HIV/AIDS	36	0.73 ± 0.12	173	0.72 ± 0.05
Substance use
Smoking	583	11.81 ± 0.46	2825	11.78 ± 0.21
Alcohol	1930	39.08 ± 0.69	9394	39.19 ± 0.31
Drug use	209	4.23 ± 0.29	1023	4.27 ± 0.13
Bed size
Small	611	12.30 ± 0.50	2898	12.09 ± 0.21
Medium	1210	24.41 ± 0.66	5905	24.63 ± 0.28
Large	3117	63.28 ± 0.74	15171	63.28 ± 0.31
Location/Teaching status
Rural	651	13.89 ± 0.53	3167	13.21 ± 0.22
Urban, non-teaching	1723	36.76 ± 0.74	8320	34.70 ± 0.31
Urban, teaching	2564	49.35 ± 0.77	12487	52.08 ± 0.32
Hospital region
Northeast	984	20.24 ± 0.62	4817	20.09 ± 0.26
Midwest	1122	23.03 ± 0.65	5406	22.55 ± 0.27
South	1699	34.03 ± 0.73	8261	34.46 ± 0.31
West	1133	22.70 ± 0.64	5489	22.90 ± 0.27
Medical procedures/interventions
Renal replacement therapy	1018	20.61 ± 0.58	4929	20.56 ± 0.26
Paracentesis	2226	45.08 ± 0.71	10843	45.23 ± 0.32
Mechanical ventilation	499	10.10 ± 0.43	2412	10.06 ± 0.19
TIPS	46	0.93 ± 0.14	218	0.91 ± 0.06
Liver transplantation	85	1.68 ± 0.18	404	1.68 ± 0.08
LTA	66	1.34 ± 0.16	321	1.34 ± 0.07
SLKT	19	0.38 ± 0.09	93	0.39 ± 0.04
Outcomes
Mortality	1573	31.90 ± 0.66	7616	31.81 ± 0.30
Length of hospital stay (d)		8.8 ± 10.9		8.8 ± 11.0
Hospitalization cost (United States $)		735701 ± 135526		73731 ± 135876

SE: Standard error; HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; LTA: Liver transplant alone; SLKT: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation.