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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2021; 27(44): 7597-7611
Published online Nov 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i44.7597
Published online Nov 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i44.7597
Table 1 Causes of difficult stone extraction
| Category | Risk factors |
| Patient’s clinical condition | Age > 65 yr; Bleeding tendency; Very poor medical condition |
| Stone characteristics | Stone size > 15 mm; Barrel or square shaped; Multiple stones > 3; Hard stone consistency; Intrahepatic/cystic duct location |
| Anatomical factors | Anatomical CBD factors: Narrowing of the bile duct distal to the stone, sigmoid-shape CBD, distal CBD angulation > 135°, short distal CBD < 36 mm; Periampullary diverticulum; Duodenal stricture; Surgically altered anatomy (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or Billroth II with long afferent limb) |
- Citation: Tringali A, Costa D, Fugazza A, Colombo M, Khalaf K, Repici A, Anderloni A. Endoscopic management of difficult common bile duct stones: Where are we now? A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(44): 7597-7611
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i44/7597.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i44.7597