Evaluation of botanicals as potential COVID-19 symptoms terminator

Table 1 Antiviral effects of plants on respiratory viruses

Plant name	Preparation	Susceptible viruses	Ref.
Allium sativum (Garlic)	Aqueous extracts	Influenza A (H9N2)	Rasool et al[53], 2017
	Extract	Infectious bronchitis virus	Mohajer Shojai et al[54], 2016
	Ethanolic extract	Influenza A (H1N1)	Chavan et al[55], 2016
	Garlic oil	Influenza A (H1N1)	Choi[56], 2018
	Fresh extract	Influenza A (H1N1)	Mehrbod et al[57], 2013
	Aqueous extract	Adenovirus (ADV3 and ADV41)	Chen et al[58], 2011
Aloe vera (Aloe)	Aloe anthraquinones and several derivatives (3-O-tetraacetoglupiranosil)	Influenza A	Borges-Argáez et al[59], 2019
	Aloe-emodin	Influenza A	Li et al[60], 2014
Astragalus mongholicus (Astragalus)	Astragalus polysaccharides	Avian infectious bronchitis virus	Zhang et al[61], 2018
	Astragalus polysaccharide	Influenza A (H9N2)	Kallon et al[62], 2013
Camellia sinensis (Green tea)	Catechins -EGCG	Adenovirus	Weber et al[63], 2003
	Catechin	Influenza A	Kuzuhara et al[64], 2009
	Catechins	Influenza A (H5N1)	Liu et al[65], 2012
	Polyphenols	Influenza A; Influenza B	Yang et al[66], 2014
Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	Curcumin	Influenza A virus	Chen et al[67], 2013
			Dai et al[68], 2018
	Curcumin	Influenza A (H1N1, H6N1)	Chen et al[69], 2010
	Curcumin	RSV	Obata et al[70], 2013
Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower)	E. purpurea fresh herb and root tinctures	Influenza	Vimalanathan et al[71], 2013
	Standardized E. purpurea extract	Influenza A (H5N1, H7N7, H1N1)	Pleschka et al[72], 2009
	Standardized E. purpurea extract	Rhinoviruses, RSV	Hudson et al[73], 2011
Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus)	Essential oil- vapor phase	Influenza	Vimalanathan et al[74], 2014
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo)	Leaf extract	Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2)	Haruyama et al[75], 2013
Glycyrrhiza sp. (Licorice)	Water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)	RSV	Feng Yeh et al[76], 2013
	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives	SARS-CoV	Hoever et al[77], 2005
	Extract of Glycyrrhiza inflata	Influenza A (H1N1)	Dao et al[78], 2011
	Glycyrrhizin	Influenza A	Wolkerstorfer et al[79], 2009
	Glycyrrhizin	Influenza A (H5N1)	Michaelis et al[80], 2010
Lepidium meyenii (Maca)	Extracted with methanol	Influenza A; Influenza B	Del Valle Mendoza et al[81], 2014
Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree)	Tea tree oil	Influenza A (H1N1)	Garozzo et al[82], 2011
	Aerosol and vapor of tea tree oil	Influenza A (H11N9)	Usachev et al[83], 2013
	Tea tree oil	Influenza A (H11N9)	Pyankov et al[84], 2012
Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)	Essential oil	Influenza A (H9N2)	Pourghanbari et al[85], 2016
	Extract	Avian infectious bronchitis	Lelešius et al[86], 2019
Mentha piperita (Peppermint)	Ethanol extract	RSV	Li et al[87], 2017
	Extract	Avian infectious bronchitis	Lelešius et al[86], 2019
Nigella sativa (Black cumin)	Ethanol extracts of	Influenza A (H5N1)	Dorra et al[88], 2019
	Ethanol extracts of	Influenza A (H9N2)	Umar et al[89], 2016
	Extract	Coronavirus	Ulasli et al[90], 2014
Panax ginseng (Ginseng)	Root of plant Panax ginseng	RSV	Lee et al[91], 2014
	Panax Korean red ginseng extract	RSV	Lee et al[92], 2014
	Red ginseng extract and polysaccharide and saponin fractions	Influenza A (H1N1)	Yin et al[93], 2013
	Korean red ginseng extract	Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2)	Yoo et al[94], 2012
Pelargonium sidoides (Pelargonium)	Pelargonium sidoides radix extract EPs® 7630	Rhinovirus	Roth et al[95], 2019
	EPs® 7630	Respiratory viruses	Michaelis et al[96], 2011
	EPs® 7630	Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2)	Theisen et al[97], 2012
Sambucus nigra (Black elder)	Extract	Infectious bronchitis virus	Chen et al[98], 2014
	Standardized elderberry liquid extract	Influenza A; Influenza B	Krawitz et al[99], 2011
	Concentrated juice of elderberry	Influenza A	Kinoshita et al[100], 2012
	Elderberry flavonoids	Influenza A (H1N1)	Roschek et al[101], 2009
Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap)	Chemical constituents	Influenza A (H1N1)	Ji et al[102], 2015
	Baicalin	SARS-CoV	Chen et al[103], 2004
Torreya nucifera (Japanese nutmeg yew)	Ethanol extract	SARS-CoV	Ryu et al[104], 2010
Thymus vulgaris (Thyme)	Essential oil- liquid phase	Influenza	Vimalanathan et al[74], 2014
	Extract	Avian infectious bronchitis	Lelešius et al[86], 2019
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)	Withaferin A	Influenza A (H1N1)	Cai et al[105], 2015
Zingiber officinalis (Ginger)	Aqueous extracts	Influenza A (H9N2)	Rasool et al[53], 2017
	Ethanol extracts	Influenza A- (H5N1)	Dorra et al[88], 2019
	Fresh ginger	RSV	Chang et al[106], 2013

Influenza A strains: H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, H7N7, H9N2, H11N9; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus; H1N1: Influenza A; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.