Liver-spleen axis dysfunction in COVID-19

Table 2 Main studies reporting outcomes in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease

Ref.	Country	Patients	Patients with CLD, n (%)	Main findings
Bajaj et al[40]	United States	272	37 (13.6)	Higher mortality in cirrhotic COVID-19 positive patients
Hashemi et al[41]	United States	363	69 (19)	CLD patients had higher ICU admission and mechanical ventilation rate. CLD was a predictor of mortality
Iavarone et al[42]	Italy	50	50 (100)	COVID-19 infection led to liver function deterioration. CLD patients had increased mortality
Marjot et al[43]	International	1365	745 (54.6)	CLD correlate to higher mortality rate according to the CPT class. ALD was an independent risk factor for mortality
Qi et al[39]	China	21	21 (100)	Respiratory failure was the cause of death in most patients
Singh et al[37]	United States	250	60 (46.1)	Pre-existing CLD patients had higher hospitalisation and mortality rates
Sarin et al[38]	International	228	228 (100)	Decompensation of pre-existing CLD occurred in one fifth of cirrhotic patients

CLD: Chronic liver disease; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.