Recent advances in blood-based and artificial intelligence-enhanced approaches for gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis

Table 1 Biomarkers for blood-based liquid biopsy in gastrointestinal cancers

Cancer type	Biomarker type	Biomarkers	No. of patients /controls	Accuracy	Ref.
GC	cfDNA copy number	HER2 gene	60/30	Sn = 73.3%, Sp = 93.3%	[19]
GC	cfDNA methylation	BARHL2	128/30	Sn = 90%, Sp = 100%	[104]
GC	CTC	CTC level	116/31	Sn = 85.3%, Sp = 90.3%	[49]
GC	Exosomal lncRNA	lncRNA-UEGC1	10/5	AUC = 0.876	[105]
GC	Exosomal lncRNA	lncRNA-pcsk2-2:1	63/29	Sn = 84%, Sp = 86.5%	[77]
GC	Exosomal lncRNA	lncRNA-GNAQ6:1	43/27	AUC = 0.732	[71]
GC	Exosomal lncRNA	lncRNA-HOTTIP	126/120	AUC = 0.827	[106]
GC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-1246	117/82	AUC = 0.843	[107]
GC	Serum cfRNA	miR-10b-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-296-5p, miR-132-3p, and miR-20a-3p	441/233	AUC = 0.702	[68]
GC	Serum cfRNA	miR-21	50/50	Sn = 88.4%, Sp = 79.6%	[81]
GC	Serum cfRNA	miR-30a-5p, miR-659-3p and miR-3917	354	AUC = 0.82	[82]
GC	Serum cfRNA	B3GALT5-AS1	107/87	AUC = 0.816	[108]
CRC	CTC mRNA	ECT2 gene	90/151	AUC = 0.821	[61]
CRC	Serum cfRNA	miR-21, miR-29a, miR-125b	160/77	AUC = 0.827	[86]
CRC	Serum cfRNA	miR-30a-5p	138/60	Sn = 77.5%, Sp = 78.3%	[109]
CRC	cfDNA methylation	SFRP2	62/55	Sn = 69.4%, Sp = 87.3%	[21]
CRC	CTC protein	CD133+CD54+CD44+ Protein	10/10	Sn = 88.2%, Sp = 92.4%	[62]
CRC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-27a, miR-130a	40/40	AUC = 0.773	[110]
CRC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-125a-3p	50/50	AUC = 0.685	[111]
CRC	Exosomal protein	CPNE3	92/32	Sn = 67.5%, Sp = 84.4%	[112]
PC	CTC protein	Vimentin	100/30	AUC = 0.968	[58]
PC	cfDNA methylation	BNC1, ADAMTS1	39/95	Sn = 94.8%, Sp = 91.6%	[23]
PC	cfDNA methylation	CDO1	160	Sn = 95%	[24]
PC	CTC	CTC level	126	Sn = 100%, Sp = 88.6%	[113]
PC	Exosomal lncRNA	CLDN1, TIMP1, MAL2, MARCH2, ITIH2, HIST1H2BK, KRT19 and FGA	284/117	AUC = 0.931	[79]
PC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-21	27	AUC = 0.9	[76]
PC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-155	27	AUC = 0.89	[76]
PC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-451a	56	Sn = 69.2%, Sp = 70.8%	[114]
PC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-133a	110/64	Sn = 90.6%, Sp = 87.2%, AUC = 0.893	[115]
HCC	cfDNA methylation	cfDNA 5hmC	1204/958	AUC = 0.846	[30]
HCC	Exosomal miRNA	miR-10b-5p	90/28	AUC = 0.934	[75]
HCC	Exosomal mRNA	hnRNPH1	88/68	Sn = 85.2%, Sp = 76.5%	[80]
HCC	Plasma cfRNA	hsa_circ_0000976, hsa_circ_0007750 and hsa_circ_0139897	158/53	AUC = 0.863	[85]
HCC	Serum cfRNA	miR-143	131/122	Sn = 80.3%, Sp = 82.4%	[87]
HCC	Serum cfRNA	miR-132, miR-212`	80/42	Sn = 93.75%, Sp = 63.44%	[116]

GC: Gastric cancer; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Sn: Sensitivity; Sp: Specificity; AUC: Area under the curve.