Impact of surgery for chronic pancreatitis on the risk of pancreatic cancer: Untying the Gordian knot

Table 2 Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis

Ref.	Number of patients	Etiological subtype, n (%)	Pancreatic cancer risk	Specific risk group
Agarwal et al[22]	1415	ACP, 540 (38.1); IJCP, 668 (47.2); ISCP, 207 (14.6)	5-yr risk of pancreatic cancer: ACP, 0.5%; IJCP, 0.2%; ISCP, 3.7%. 10-yr risk of pancreatic cancer: ACP, 0.9%; IJCP, 0.2%; ISCP, 5.2%	Age of onset > 35 yr (HR 12.1; CI: 4.7-31.2; P < 0.001). Smoking (HR 6.48; CI: 2.2-19.0; P < 0.001). Nonalcoholic etiology (HR for alcohol use 0.14; CI: 0.04-0.42; P < 0.001); Absence of steatorrhea (HR for steatorrhea 0.19; 95%CI: 0.04-0.80; P < 0.023)
Hao et al[23]	2037	ACP, 404 (19.8); ICP, 1633 (80.2)	5-yr risk of pancreatic cancer: ACP, 0.2%; ICP, 0.7%. 10-yr risk of pancreatic cancer: ACP, 0.9%; ICP, 1.1%	No significant difference in pancreatic cancer development between ACP and ICP patients
Vujasinovic et al[25]	581	Idiopathic, 47 (8.1); Alcohol and nicotine, 220 (37.9); Nicotine, 81 (13.9); Alcohol, 49 (8.4); Hereditary, 38 (6.5) Immunological, 59 (10.2) Efferent duct 62 (10.7) Miscellaneous/other, 25 (4.3)	Rate per 100 yr; Idiopathic, 0.00; Alcohol and nicotine, 0.07; Nicotine, 0.44; Alcohol, 0.32; Hereditary, 0.00; Immunological, 0.00; Efferent duct, 0.28; Miscellaneous/other, 0.81	Low BMI and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Patients with diabetes mellitus and high BMI
Müllhaupt et al[24]	332	ACP, 265; IJCP, 21; ISCP, 46	ACP, 1.5% over 16 yr; IJCP, 4.8% over 22 yr; ISCP, 2.2% over 14 yr	Early onset and prolonged duration of CP (rather than the specific type of CP)

ACP: Alcoholic pancreatitis; BMI: Body mass index; ICP: Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis; IJCP: Idiopathic juvenile chronic pancreatitis; ISCP: Idiopathic senile chronic pancreatitis.