Laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection in two fascial spaces for locally advanced lower rectal cancer

Figure 8 Vesicohypogastric fascia and urogenital fascia. Vesicohypogastric fascia is a triangular fascia composed of umbilical artery, tendinous arch of pelvic fascia and bladder (red shadow). The urogenital fascia (yellow shadow) and the vesicohypogastric fascia blend with each other and appear as a V-shape (yellow dotted line). The ureter is pulled up and the actual position is shown in blue shadow.